[Fornix rupture--a review of pathophysiology and clinical aspects].

Rupture of the fornix renalis, a special form of obstructive nephropathy that receives too little attention as a separate entity, is reintegrated into urological thinking, with a fuller description of the pathophysiology, morphology and clinical course than has previously been given. Overloading (iatrogenic mainly) of the lymphatic and venous system of the kidney caused by excessive pressure is usually implicated, affecting the renal parenchyma, the renal sinus and Gerota's fascia. Rupture of the calyceal fornix renalis functions partly as a self-help mechanism.

[Classification of staghorn calculus disease of the kidney based on 105 personal cases and a review of the literature].

The majority of staghorn calculi (branched calculi)--25 per cent bilateral--is mainly composed of calcium phosphates, in about 2/3 with varying fractions of Struvite. Pure Struvite stones are rare. Large fractions of Struvite form a soft concrement.

[Varicocele and distal reflux].

The distal reflux as we call it raises several anatomical, operative technical and andrological questions. Based on our experiences with four patients with reduced seminal quality, we wish to make some contributions to this subject which has been only occasionally addressed in the past. In these patients, venous reflux could be demonstrated over the left funiculus spermaticus by means of Doppler sonography.