Identification of leaf rust resistance loci in hard winter wheat using genome-wide association mapping.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), is a serious constraint to wheat production. Developing resistant varieties is the best approach to managing this disease. Wheat leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes have been classified into either all-stage resistance (ASR) or adult-plant resistance (APR).

Nitrogen uptake dynamics of high and low protein wheat genotypes.

Increasing wheat ( L.) yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) without excessive nitrogen (N) inputs requires understanding the genotypic variations in N accumulation, partitioning, and utilization strategies. This study evaluated whether high protein genotypes exhibit increased N accumulation (herein also expressed as N nutrition index, NNI) and partitioning (including remobilization from vegetative organs) compared to low-protein genotypes under low and high N conditions.

The E3 ligase TaE3V-B1 ubiquitinates proteins encoded by the vernalization gene TaVRN1 and regulates developmental processes in wheat.

In wheat (Triticum aestivum), early maturity is desired to avoid the hot and dry summer season, especially in view of climate change. Here, we report that TaE3V1, a C3H2C3 RING-type E3 ligase that interacts with TaVRN1, is associated with early development. Aside from its RING domain, TaE3V1 does not harbor any domains that are conserved in other RING-type or other E3 ligase proteins.

Characterization of a new greenbug resistance gene Gb9 in a synthetic hexaploid wheat.

Greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] is a serious insect pest that not only damages cereal crops, but also transmits several destructive viruses. The emergence of new greenbug biotypes in the field makes it urgent to identify novel greenbug resistance genes in wheat. CWI 76364 (PI 703397), a synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) line, exhibits greenbug resistance.

Characterization of Quantitative Trait Loci for Leaf Rust Resistance in the Uzbekistani Wheat Landrace Teremai Bugdai.

Leaf rust, caused by , is a major cause of wheat yield losses globally, and novel leaf rust resistance genes are needed to enhance wheat leaf rust resistance. Teremai Bugdai is a landrace from Uzebekistan that is highly resistant to many races of in the United States. To unravel leaf rust resistance loci in Teremai Bugdai, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population of Teremai Bugdai × TAM 110 was evaluated for response to race (TNBGJ) and genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS).

Identification of a Novel Allele Conferring a Wide Spectrum of Resistance to Powdery Mildew in Wheat Accession PI 351817.

Powdery mildew is caused by the highly adaptive biotrophic fungus f. sp. infecting wheat worldwide.

Weighted kernels improve multi-environment genomic prediction.

Crucial to variety improvement programs is the reliable and accurate prediction of genotype's performance across environments. However, due to the impactful presence of genotype by environment (G×E) interaction that dictates how changes in expression and function of genes influence target traits in different environments, prediction performance of genomic selection (GS) using single-environment models often falls short. Furthermore, despite the successes of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the genetic insights derived from genome-to-phenome mapping have not yet been incorporated in predictive analytics, making GS models that use Gaussian kernel primarily an estimator of genomic similarity, instead of the underlying genetics characteristics of the populations.

Identification and characterization of the novel leaf rust resistance gene Lr81 in wheat.

The novel, leaf rust seedling resistance gene, Lr81, was identified in a Croatian breeding line and mapped to a genomic region of less than 100 Kb on chromosome 2AS. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is the most common and widespread rust disease in wheat. Races of Puccinia triticina evolve rapidly in the southern Great Plains of the USA, and leaf rust resistance genes often lose effectiveness shortly after deployment in wheat production.

modifies spike architecture and enhances grain yield in wheat.

Spike architecture influences grain yield in wheat. We report the map-based cloning of a gene determining the number of spikelet nodes per spike in common wheat. The cloned gene is named and encodes a CONSTANS-like protein that is orthologous to in plant species.

O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase is involved in fine regulation of flowering time in winter wheat.

Vernalization genes underlying dramatic differences in flowering time between spring wheat and winter wheat have been studied extensively, but little is known about genes that regulate subtler differences in flowering time among winter wheat cultivars, which account for approximately 75% of wheat grown worldwide. Here, we identify a gene encoding an O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) that differentiates heading date between winter wheat cultivars Duster and Billings. We clone this TaOGT1 gene from a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for heading date in a mapping population derived from these two bread wheat cultivars and analyzed in various environments.

Characterization of wheat curl mite resistance gene Cmc4 in OK05312.

Cmc4, a wheat curl mite resistance gene, was delimited to a 523 kb region and a diagnostic marker haplotype was identified for selecting Cmc4 in breeding programs. Wheat curl mite (WCM, Aceria tosichella Keifer) is a disastrous wheat pest in many wheat-growing regions worldwide. WCM not only directly affects wheat yield, but also transmits wheat streak mosaic virus.

Selection signatures across seven decades of hard winter wheat breeding in the Great Plains of the United States.

Classical plant breeding has been instrumental in changing the genetic makeup of crop plants for better ecological adaptation and improved quality. This paper provides insights of the genomic changes effected in hard winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through decades of breeding and selection in the Great Plains of the United States.

Effectiveness of Genomic Selection by Response to Selection for Winter Wheat Variety Improvement.

Prediction performance for winter wheat grain yield and end-use quality traits. Prediction accuracies evaluated by cross-validations are significantly overestimated. Nonparametric algorithms outperform the parametric alternatives in cross-year predictions.

Characterization of an Incomplete Leaf Rust Resistance Gene on Chromosome 1RS and Development of KASP Markers for in Wheat.

Leaf rust, caused by , is one of the most common wheat () diseases in the Great Plains of the United States. A population of recombinant inbred lines from CI 17884 × 'Bainong 418' was evaluated for responses to leaf rust race - and genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Quantitative trait locus analysis identified a minor gene for resistance to leaf rust, designated .

Development and deployment of KASP markers for multiple alleles of Lr34 in wheat.

Heterogeneous Lr34 genes for leaf rust in winter wheat cultivar 'Duster' and KASP markers for allelic variation in exon 11 and exon 22 of Lr34. Wheat, Triticum aestivum (2n = 6x = 42, AABBDD), is a hexaploid species, and each of three homoeologous genomes A, B, and D should have one copy for a gene in its ancestral form if the gene has no duplication. Previously reported leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 has one copy on the short arm of chromosome 7D in hexaploid wheat, and allelic variation in Lr34 is in intron 4, exon 11, exon 12, or exon 22.

Gb8, a new gene conferring resistance to economically important greenbug biotypes in wheat.

A new greenbug resistance gene Gb8 conferring broad resistance to US greenbug biotypes was identified in hard red winter wheat line PI 595379-1 and was mapped to the terminal region of chromosome 7DL. Greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] is a worldwide insect pest that poses a serious threat to wheat production. New greenbug resistance genes that can be readily used in wheat breeding are urgently needed.

A Comparative Study of Modern and Heirloom Wheat on Indicators of Gastrointestinal Health.

Wheat consumption has declined amid growing concerns about gluten-sensitivity. To determine if genetic manipulation of wheat contributes to systemic and localized gut inflammation, we compared the effects of the modern variety Gallagher and a blend of two heirloom varieties, Turkey and Kharkof, on measures of gut inflammation, structural characteristics, and barrier integrity under normal and Western diet (WD) conditions in C57BL/6 mice. Indicators of gut inflammation, including lymphocyte infiltration and cytokine expression, were largely unaffected by WD or wheat, although WD elevated interferon-γ () and heirloom varieties modestly reduced interleukin-17 () in the context of WD.

Characterization of Pm65, a new powdery mildew resistance gene on chromosome 2AL of a facultative wheat cultivar.

A new powdery mildew resistance gene that can be readily used in wheat breeding, Pm65, was identified in the facultative wheat cultivar Xinmai 208 and mapped to the terminal region of chromosome 2AL. Wheat powdery mildew, a widely occurring disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeriagraminis f. sp.

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Leaf Rust Resistance in the Wheat Population Ning7840 × Clark.

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important fungal disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and causes significant yield losses worldwide. To determine quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for leaf rust resistance, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from a cross of Ning7840 × Clark was evaluated for leaf rust severity, and was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using 9K Illumina chips, and with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers.

Characterization of Pm63, a powdery mildew resistance gene in Iranian landrace PI 628024.

A new powdery mildew resistance gene conferring a wide spectrum of resistance to Bgt isolates in the USA, Pm63 , was identified in Iranian wheat landrace PI 628024 and mapped to the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 2B. Powdery mildew is a globally important wheat disease causing severe yield losses, and host resistance is the preferred strategy for managing this disease. The objective of this study was to characterize a powdery mildew resistance gene in Iranian landrace PI 628024, which exhibited a wide spectrum of resistance to representative Blumeria graminis f.

Correction to: Pm223899, a new recessive powdery mildew resistance gene identified in Afghanistan landrace PI 223899.

Unfortunately, the caption of Fig. 2 was incorrectly published in the original publication. The complete correct caption should read as follows.

Pm223899, a new recessive powdery mildew resistance gene identified in Afghanistan landrace PI 223899.

A new recessive powdery mildew resistance gene, Pm223899, was identified in Afghanistan wheat landrace PI 223899 and mapped to an interval of about 831 Kb in the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome 1A. Wheat powdery mildew, a globally important disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp.

Characterization of Pm59, a novel powdery mildew resistance gene in Afghanistan wheat landrace PI 181356.

A new powdery mildew resistance gene, designated Pm59, was identified in Afghanistan wheat landrace PI 181356, and mapped in the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 7A. Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp.

Nitrogen use efficiency is regulated by interacting proteins relevant to development in wheat.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) has low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The genetic mechanisms controlling NUE are unknown. Positional cloning of a major quantitative trait locus for N-related agronomic traits showed that the vernalization gene TaVRN-A1 was tightly linked with TaNUE1, the gene shown to influence NUE in wheat.

Practical application of genomic selection in a doubled-haploid winter wheat breeding program.

Crop improvement is a long-term, expensive institutional endeavor. Genomic selection (GS), which uses single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) information to estimate genomic breeding values, has proven efficient to increasing genetic gain by accelerating the breeding process in animal breeding programs. As for crop improvement, with few exceptions, GS applicability remains in the evaluation of algorithm performance.