Barriers and incentives for sustainable urban development: An analysis of the adoption of LEED-ND projects.

The adoption rate for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design - Neighborhood Development (LEED-ND) projects has varied considerably across the United States. Local governments and developers face variation in the incentives and barriers while implementing LEED-ND projects across four key dimensions - economic, policy, public awareness, and organizational. This paper investigated the drivers of variation using a mixed-methods approach including a two-stage Heckman model, a survey of Texas subdivision developers and interviews with local planning officials.