A Hemoglobinopathy That Produces an Array of Different Hemoglobin A1c Values.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) refers to non-enzymatically glycated hemoglobin and reflects the patient's glycemic status over approximately 3 months. An elevated HbA1c over 6.5% National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) (48 mmol/mol the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC)) can be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter of Clinical Significance: Sideroblastic Anemia.

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a vast group of 48 membrane proteins, some of which are of notable physiological and clinical importance. Some ABC transporters are involved in functions such as the transport of chloride ions, bilirubin, reproductive hormones, cholesterol, and iron. Consequently, genetic or physiological disruption in these functions is manifested in various disease processes like cystic fibrosis, Tangier disease, and sideroblastic anemia.

The Continued Need for the Routine Assessment of Folate Status.

Objective: The Choosing Wisely initiative recommended cessation of folate measurement, suggesting folate supplementation in macrocytic anemia. This study reviewed the need for continued blood folate testing at a large SafetyNet county teaching hospital.

Methods: Red blood cell (RBC) folate, vitamin B12, iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin results were obtained for utilization review.

Methods of Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Measurement: Analytical and Clinical Applications.

Among the five major classes of lipoprotein particles, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary lipoprotein risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) through the promotion of atherosclerotic pathogenesis. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to accurately measure the plasma concentration of LDL-C using an appropriate method to examine the risk of CVD and determine the efficacy of therapeutic interventions to reduce the cholesterol level and examine the risk assessment strategy. At present, there is a wide variety of methods available for LDL-C measurement.

Plasma Carboxyl-Metabolome Is Associated with Average Daily Gain Divergence in Beef Steers.

We applied an untargeted metabolomics technique to analyze the plasma carboxyl-metabolome of beef steers with divergent average daily gain (ADG). Forty-eight newly weaned Angus crossbred beef steers were fed the same total mixed ration ad libitum for 42 days. On day 42, the steers were divided into two groups of lowest (LF: = 8) and highest ADG (HF: = 8), and blood samples were obtained from the two groups for plasma preparation.

Development of Novel Intramolecular FRET-Based ABC Transporter Biosensors to Identify New Substrates and Modulators.

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) can efflux a wide variety of molecules including toxic chemicals, drugs, and their derivatives out of cells. Substrates of MRP1 include anti-cancer agents, antibiotics, anti-virals, anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and many other drugs. To identify novel substrates and modulators of MRP1 by exploiting intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), we genetically engineered six different two-color MRP1 proteins by changing green fluorescent protein (GFP) insertion sites, while keeping the red fluorescent protein (RFP) at the C-terminal of MRP1.

Calcitriol and Calcipotriol Modulate Transport Activity of ABC Transporters and Exhibit Selective Cytotoxicity in MRP1-overexpressing Cells.

Efflux transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp/ABCB1), multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) can affect the efficacy and toxicity of a wide variety of drugs and are implicated in multidrug resistance (MDR). Eight test compounds, recently identified from an intramolecular FRET-based high throughput screening, were characterized for their interaction with MRP1. We report that the active metabolite of vitamin D, calcitriol, and its analog calcipotriol are selectively cytotoxic to MRP1-overexpressing cells, besides inhibiting transport function of P-gp, MRP1, and BCRP.

High-content screening of clinically tested anticancer drugs identifies novel inhibitors of human MRP1 (ABCC1).

Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1), an integral transmembrane efflux transporter, belongs to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein superfamily. MRP1 governs the absorption and disposition of a wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic substrates including various drugs across organs and physiological barriers. Additionally, its overexpression has been implicated in multidrug resistance in chemotherapy of multiple cancers.