Photobiomodulation accelerates orthodontic alignment in the early phase of treatment.

Background: Numerous strategies have been proposed to decrease the treatment time a patient requires in orthodontic treatment. Recently, a number of device-accelerated therapies have emerged in orthodontics. Photobiomodulation is an emerging area of science that has clinical applications in a number of human biological processes.

Why don't we see changes?: The role of attentional bottlenecks and limited visual memory.

Seven experiments explore the role of bottlenecks in selective attention and access to visual short-term memory in the failure of observers to identify clearly visible changes in otherwise stable visual displays. Experiment One shows that observers fail to register a color change in an object even if they are cued to the location of the object by a transient at that location as the change is occurring. Experiment Two shows the same for orientation change.

Histologic comparison of light emitting diode phototherapy-treated hydroxyapatite-grafted extraction sockets: a same-mouth case study.

Background: The stimulating effect of red and near-infrared (NIR) laser phototherapy on bone regeneration and growth has been shown in a number of in vitro and animal studies. However, the effect of NIR phototherapy on the bone regeneration of hydroxyapatite (HA) -treated extraction sockets has not been previously demonstrated.

Materials And Methods: An investigational Biolux extraoral light emitting diode phototherapy device was used daily for 21 days postextraction and socket grafting with HA (Osteograf LD300) unilaterally.

Attention to overlapping objects: detection and discrimination of luminance changes.

Selective attention to 1 of 2 overlapping objects was assessed in a cuing paradigm. Participants detected or identified targets that appeared in 1 of 6 possible target locations (3 on each object). Significant cuing effects for the simple detection of such targets using both reaction time and sensitivity measures of performance were found.

Can one pay attention to a particular color?

In an array of elements whose colors vary can we selectively choose to process all the items of a particular color preferentially in relation to those of another color? We addressed this question by presenting subjects with arrays containing many elements, and recording reaction times to a luminance change of one of the elements. Half the elements had one color and the other half another color--the spatial distribution being random. In two tasks--a simple detection of this change or a choice reaction time to the polarity of the change--we found that reaction times were independent of the number of items in the array.

Computer modeling of prostate biopsy: tumor size and location--not clinical significance--determine cancer detection.

Purpose: Sampling error is an inherent problem of prostate biopsy, and the determination of clinical significance based on biopsy results is problematic. We quantify the dimensions of these problems by computer simulation.

Materials And Methods: We constructed 3-dimensional solid computer models of 59 autopsy prostates containing clinically undetected prostate cancer, and performed simulations of the standard prostate biopsy method.

Prostatic acid phosphatase levels (enzymatic method) from completely sectioned, clinically benign, whole prostates.

Clinically benign, whole untrimmed prostates were obtained from 104 patients at autopsy, completely sectioned, and examined microscopically. The histological and gross findings of the prostate were correlated with premortem prostatic acid phosphatase levels (PAP, enzymatic method, ACA, Dupont Co.) to determine how often carcinoma of the prostate (CAP) affected PAP levels and to identify other findings within the prostate associated with elevated PAP levels.

How many prognostically significant grades of prostate carcinoma are there?

Carcinoma of the prostate (CAP) is often graded as well, moderately or poorly differentiated. We identified 74 well differentiated stage A1 CAP, 58 stage D1 CAP with moderately differentiated metastases, 107 moderately differentiated stage D2 CAP, and 53 poorly differentiated stage D2 CAP and divided each group into 3, 4 or 5 histological patterns. We found that each histological pattern within well, moderately and poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma had similar survival rates.

Serum prostate specific antigen levels in non-specific granulomatous prostatitis.

Objective: To evaluate serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients with granulomatous prostatitis, an inflammatory condition that can clinically mimic malignancy.

Patients And Methods: The study comprised 10 consecutive patients (age range 53-80 years) with histologically-documented granulomatous prostatitis and who had serum PSA levels recorded before and after diagnosis.

Results: PSA levels in six of the patients were normal (< 4.

The incidence of unsuspected metastases from clinically benign prostate glands with latent prostate carcinoma.

Objective: To determine how many latent prostate gland carcinomas (unsuspected carcinomas in clinically benign prostate glands) metastasize.

Design: The prostate glands and the pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes were removed at autopsy from 209 consecutive patients with clinically benign prostate glands. The prostate glands were completely sectioned and examined microscopically using full cross sections.

Evaluation of age-specific normal ranges for prostate-specific antigen.

Objectives: To compare the traditional normal range (TNR) of 0.0 to 4.0 ng/mL for serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to age-specific normal ranges (ASNRs).

Modulated expression of human leucocyte antigen class I and class II determinants in hyperplastic and malignant human prostatic epithelium.

Objectives: To determine whether human prostatic carcinoma cells express Class I and/or Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants and whether they might thus be immune-competent targets for cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Materials And Methods: Immunohistochemistry, performed both before and after neuraminidase digestion, was employed to compare 13 benign prostatic hyperplasias with 42 primary and 44 metastatic prostatic carcinomas obtained from the United Kingdom and from the United States of America. Expression of beta 2-microglobulin was used as the marker of Class I and HLA-DR as the marker of Class II expression.

Incidence, racial differences, and prognostic significance of prostate carcinomas diagnosed with obstructive symptoms.

Background: It is unknown how often prostate carcinomas are diagnosed as a result of urinary obstructive symptoms or whether prostate carcinomas diagnosed because of obstructive symptoms have a favorable or unfavorable prognosis. It is also unknown whether racial differences in obstructive symptoms could help explain why black men with prostate carcinoma are diagnosed with more advanced stages and grades of prostate carcinoma than are white men with prostate carcinoma.

Method: At a single Veterans Administration Medical Center, 478 consecutive cases of prostate carcinoma diagnosed between 1973 and 1985 were identified.

Characteristics of prostatic infarcts and their effect on serum prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase.

Objectives: To determine how prostatic infarcts affect serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) levels.

Methods: Two hundred eighteen clinically benign, whole prostates were obtained at autopsy, completely sectioned, and examined histologically. PSA and PAP levels were determined from premortem serum.

Long-term survival of stage A prostate carcinoma, atypical hyperplasia/adenosis and BPH.

Between 1972 and 1986, 134 patients with stage A carcinoma of the prostate (CAP) were diagnosed at a single Veterans Administration medical centre and followed annually by the hospital tumour registry. Seventy-four were classified as stage A1, defined as non-palpable, well-differentiated CAP, regardless of amount, found unexpectedly on transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Twenty-eight were classified as stage A2, defined as non-palpable, moderately or poorly differentiated CAP, regardless of amount, found unexpectedly on TURP.

Serum prostate-specific antigen levels in stage A1 prostatic cancer.

Quantitation of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has recently come into widespread use. Controversy exists regarding its usage in screening for carcinoma of the prostate (CAP), based partly on concern that it may detect small foci of CAP that will not cause any significant morbidity or mortality. This study was conducted to evaluate serum PSA levels in stage A1 CAP.

Stage at presentation and survival of white and black patients with prostate carcinoma.

Background: Black men are known to have a higher incidence and mortality from prostate carcinoma than white men and are more likely to have a more advanced stage or grade of disease diagnosed.

Methods: In a Veterans Administration Medical Center where black and white men have the same eligibility for medical care, the authors reviewed the stage at presentation of 861 consecutive cases of prostate carcinoma diagnosed from 1969-1990. In addition, survival, stratified by race, stage, and grade, was determined on all men in whom prostate cancer was diagnosed from 1969-1985 (525 patients).

Histologic features of metastatic prostate cancer.

Prostate carcinomas begin as well-differentiated lesions. Before metastases occur these carcinomas dedifferentiate into moderately or poorly differentiated lesions and increase in size to at least 1 cm3. Well-differentiated lesions rarely metastasize and metastases are rarely well differentiated.

Ultrasound detection of prostate cancer in postmortem specimens with histological correlation.

Transrectal ultrasound detection of prostatic adenocarcinoma was correlated to 63 histological whole mount step sectioned prostatic specimens harvested from 148 consecutive autopsies at our institutions. No patient had known or palpably suspected prostatic adenocarcinoma on premortem digital rectal examination. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was assayed in each case from premortem serum samples.

Effect of zinc sulfate and acetylcysteine on experimental gastric ulcer: in vitro study.

A small ulcer produced in vitro by monopolar electrocoagulation on endoscopically obtained human antral biopsies and incubated in Trowel T-8 medium at 37 degrees C for 8 h has many histologic features of chronic gastric ulcer in man. Zinc sulfate and acetylcysteine in low concentrations had a significant healing effect in this ulcer model. Since the beneficial effect of zinc sulfate and acetylcysteine was counteracted by N-ethylmaleimide, a known blocker of sulfhydryl compounds, the beneficial effect of these two compounds probably was mediated through sulfhydryl compounds.

Prostate-specific antigen levels from completely sectioned, clinically benign, whole prostates.

Clinically benign whole, untrimmed prostates and pelvic lymph nodes were obtained from 105 patients at autopsy. All 105 patients had premortem serum from which prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were obtained. Sixty-eight did not have carcinoma of the prostate (CAP), 28 had CAP less than 1 ml and 9 had CAP larger than 1 ml.

Stage D1 prostate carcinoma. The histologic appearance of nodal metastases and its relationship to survival.

Eighty-two of 307 consecutive staging lymphadenectomies had nodal metastases (Stage D1 prostate carcinoma). Seventy-seven of the 82 cases had at least a 5-year follow-up and 50 had at least a 10-year follow-up. Three of these 77 cases had Grade 1 (well-differentiated) metastases, 59 (77%) had Grade 2-3 (moderately differentiated) metastases, and 15 (19%) had Grade 4 (poorly differentiated) metastases (M.

Atypical hyperplasia in prostates of 20 to 40 year old men.

One hundred prostates from 20 to 40 year old men obtained at necropsy were completely sectioned and studied microscopically. Atypical hyperplasia was found in 10 (20%) of 20-29 year old men and in 12 (24%) of 30-40 year old men. The prostates with atypical hyperplasia had similar weights as those without, and the atypical hyperplasia was most common in the lateral lobes of the prostate and near the apex.

The dedifferentiation of metastatic prostate carcinoma.

Two hundred consecutive staging lymphadenectomies with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma and 100 consecutive autopsies with widely disseminated metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma were identified. The metastases from 41% of the staging lymphadenectomies were entirely differentiated (gland forming) and an additional 43% were predominantly (50% or more) differentiated. In contrast, the metastases from 70% of the autopsies were entirely undifferentiated (non-gland forming) and an additional 18% were predominantly undifferentiated.

The characteristics of embryonal carcinoma cells in teratocarcinomas.

The orchiectomy specimens and the respective lymphadenectomies of 33 teratocarcinomas (teratoma and embryonal carcinoma) and 30 embryonal carcinomas were identified in a series of 457 consecutive germ cell tumors of the testis. Although teratocarcinomas were larger tumors the retroperitoneal lymphadenectomies revealed metastases in only 10 of 33 (30%) teratocarcinomas as compared to 19 of 30 (63%) embryonal carcinomas. Even after subtracting the teratoma component and stratifying for size of the embryonal carcinoma component, the teratocarcinomas were still less likely to metastasize than comparably sized pure embryonal carcinomas.