HIV Diagnosis and the Clinical Course of COVID-19 Among Patients Seeking Care Within the New York City Public Hospital System During the Initial Pandemic Peak.

Reports conflict on how HIV infection influences the clinical course of COVID-19. The New York City (NYC) public hospital system provides care for over 14,000 people with HIV, was central in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, and is therefore in a unique position to evaluate the intersection of these concurrent infections. Retrospective chart review of patients presenting to NYC Health and Hospitals (NYC H+H) diagnosed with COVID-19 infection from March 1, 2020, through April 28, 2020, compared people living with HIV (PLWH) and a propensity-matched (PM) control group of patients without HIV to evaluate associations between HIV status and COVID-19 outcomes.

The Cognitive Information Effect of Televised News.

The purpose of this review is to summarize the key findings which prove that the biased perceptions of viewers may provide an inaccurate image of the informational validity of televised news. The news may generate distorted recollections of what occurred in particular reported events if displayed routines influence viewers not to pay attention to the essential features of a narrative. Elaborating on Fiske and Hartley (2010), Zelizer (2010), and Gunter (2015), we indicate that the character of the news setting has altered and individuals' news consumption routines have changed in adapting to media advancements.

Rise and fall of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City.

Objectives: The study objective was to examine the epidemiological trends of KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City medical centres.

Patients And Methods: Single patient isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from nine medical centres in New York City during a 3 month period from 2013 to 2014.

Transmission of carbapenem-resistant pathogens in New York City hospitals: progress and frustration.

Objectives: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are endemic in many medical centres. Because therapeutic options are limited, understanding the epidemiology and controlling the spread of these pathogens are of paramount importance.

Methods: Isolates of K.

Activity of polymyxin B and the novel polymyxin analogue CB-182,804 against contemporary Gram-negative pathogens in New York City.

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become common in many regions, often requiring therapy with colistin or polymyxin B. An increase in resistance to these agents would render many infections untreatable. We tested the activity of polymyxin B and the novel polymyxin analogue CB-182,804 against over 5,000 recent Gram-negative clinical isolates from New York City, a region with a high prevalence of multiresistant strains.

Antimicrobial activity of a novel aminoglycoside, ACHN-490, against Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from New York City.

Objectives: Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have become a global problem, often leaving the polymyxins as therapeutic agents of last resort. ACHN-490, a next-generation aminoglycoside with activity against a broad range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, was examined against clinical isolates of A. baumannii and P.

Susceptibility profiles, molecular epidemiology, and detection of KPC-producing Escherichia coli isolates from the New York City vicinity.

The detection of Enterobacteriaceae carrying the carbapenemase KPC has been problematic. Thirty isolates of KPC-possessing Escherichia coli were gathered from hospitals in New York City and Connecticut. The imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, and ertapenem MIC50 values were 4, 2, 1, and 4 μg/ml, respectively.

Activity of a novel aminoglycoside, ACHN-490, against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from New York City.

Objectives: Reports of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to all commonly used antimicrobial agents, including β-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides, are increasing in hospitals worldwide. The activity of ACHN-490, a next-generation aminoglycoside, was examined against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from hospitals in New York City, an area where multidrug-resistant organisms are endemic.

Methods: Unique patient isolates of E.

Contribution of OmpK36 to carbapenem susceptibility in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae harbouring the carbapenemase KPC may have carbapenem MICs that remain in the susceptible range, and may therefore go unrecognized. To understand the mechanisms contributing to the variability in carbapenem MICs, 20 clinical isolates, all belonging to either of two clonal groups of KPC-possessing K. pneumoniae endemic to New York City, were examined.

Correlation of the expression of acrB and the regulatory genes marA, soxS and ramA with antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae endemic to New York City.

Objectives: Nosocomial isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to all commonly used antimicrobial agents have emerged in many regions of the world. It is unknown if efflux systems contribute to the multidrug resistance phenotype.

Methods: The expression of genes encoding the efflux pump AcrAB and the global regulators MarA, SoxS and RamA were examined and correlated with antimicrobial resistance.

Success of an infection control program to reduce the spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Objective: To assess the effect of enhanced infection control measures with screening for gastrointestinal colonization on limiting the spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a New York City hospital endemic for this pathogen.

Design: Retrospective observational study with pre- and postinterventional phases.

Methods: Beginning in 2006, a comprehensive infection control program was instituted in a 10-bed medical and surgical intensive care unit at a university-based medical center.

Correlation of antimicrobial resistance with beta-lactamases, the OmpA-like porin, and efflux pumps in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii endemic to New York City.

Acinetobacter baumannii strains resistant to all beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones have emerged in many medical centers. Potential mechanisms contributing to antimicrobial resistance were investigated in 40 clinical isolates endemic to New York City. The isolates were examined for the presence of various beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, and mutations in gyrA and parC.

Genetic relatedness of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii endemic to New York City.

Multidrug-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii from New York City generally belong to one of three ribotypes. To assess the accuracy of ribotyping, the relatedness of representative isolates was further assessed by rep-PCR, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and DNA sequencing of five genes potentially associated with antimicrobial resistance (ampC, ompA, adeB, adeR, and abeM). The isolates fell into several major groups.

Role of AmpD, OprF and penicillin-binding proteins in beta-lactam resistance in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In this study, the mechanisms leading to increased chromosomal AmpC beta-lactamase expression and the contributory roles of the outer-membrane protein OprF and penicillin-binding proteins were analysed in 33 characterized clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The genes ampD and ampE were analysed by PCR and DNA sequencing. Expression of the gene oprF was assessed using real-time RT-PCR, and penicillin-binding proteins were analysed using a chemiluminescence assay.

Evolution of antimicrobial resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY.

Objectives: To document resistance patterns of three important nosocomial pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae, present in hospitals in Brooklyn, NY.

Methods: Susceptibility profiles of pathogens gathered during a surveillance study in 2006 were analysed and compared with similar surveys performed in 1999 and 2001. MICs were determined according to CLSI standards, and selected isolates were screened by PCR for the presence of VIM, IMP and KPC beta-lactamases.

Detection and spread of Escherichia coli possessing the plasmid-borne carbapenemase KPC-2 in Brooklyn, New York.

A carbapenem-resistant isolate of Escherichia coli was identified that possessed a 23-kb plasmid encoding Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase type 2 (KPC-2). A subsequent surveillance study involving hospitals in Brooklyn, New York, revealed that, among 1417 E. coli isolates, 7 isolates (from 3 hospitals) possessed bla(KPC-2).

A population-based study examining the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in New York City.

Background: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is a serious pathogen in several regions in the United States. It is unclear which populations are at high risk for the emergence of these strains.

Methods: All unique patient isolates of S.

Expression of the las and rhl quorum-sensing systems in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa does not correlate with efflux pump expression or antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives: Quorum-sensing systems regulate expression of several virulence factors and may affect the MexAB-OprM efflux system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study investigated the relationship between two quorum-sensing systems, efflux pump MexAB-OprM expression and antimicrobial resistance in 33 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa.

Interplay of efflux system, ampC, and oprD expression in carbapenem resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates.

Carbapenems are important agents for the therapy of infections due to multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa; the development of carbapenem resistance hampers effective therapeutic options. To assess the mechanisms leading to resistance, 33 clinical isolates with differing degrees of carbapenem susceptibility were analyzed for the expression of the chromosomal beta-lactamase (ampC), the porin that is important for the entry of carbapenems (oprD), and the proteins involved in four efflux systems (mexA, mexC, mexE, and mexX). Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR was performed using primers and fluorescent probes for each of the target genes.

Evaluation of techniques for detection of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in stool surveillance cultures.

Screening for gastrointestinal colonization with multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens is an important component of infection control protocols. In the New York City region, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, which harbor the KPC carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase, have rapidly emerged. The potential utility of screening medium, which involved using 10-mug imipenem disks, was investigated.

Rapid spread of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in New York City: a new threat to our antibiotic armamentarium.

Background: Carbapenem antibiotics are used to treat serious infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-carrying pathogens. Carbapenem resistance has been unusual in isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In this study, the prevalence and molecular epidemiologic characteristics of carbapenem-resistant K pneumoniae are analyzed, and the experience involving 2 hospital outbreaks is described.

Emergence of KPC-possessing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, New York: epidemiology and recommendations for detection.

Among 257 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae collected in Brooklyn, NY, 24% were found to possess bla(KPC). Clinical microbiology laboratories that used automated broth microdilution systems reported 15% of the KPC-possessing isolates as susceptible to imipenem. The imipenem MIC was found to be markedly affected by the inoculum.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital nursery and maternity units.

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has rarely been reported in the hospital setting. We report an outbreak of 7 cases of skin and soft tissue infections due to a strain of CA-MRSA. All patients were admitted to the labor and delivery, nursery, or maternity units during a 3-week period.

Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY: molecular epidemiology and in vitro activity of polymyxin B and other agents.

Objectives: To describe the molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Brooklyn, NY and assess the in vitro activity of various antibiotic combinations.

Methods: Clinical isolates with suspected carbapenem resistance were referred to the central research laboratory from August 2003 to June 2004. Isolates underwent MIC testing, ribotyping, and were analysed for the presence of KPC carbapenemases.

Citywide emergence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with reduced susceptibility to polymyxin B.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates with reduced susceptibility to polymyxin B, and to assess the in vitro activity of antibiotic combinations.

Methods: All unique patient isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from 11 Brooklyn, NY hospitals during a three month period in 2003.