Effects of the Administration of the 6/85 Vaccine on Layer Chicken Embryo Hatchability and Early Posthatch Performance.

administration as a possible alternative method of 6/85 MG vaccination was assessed. After 18 days of incubation (doi), the eggs were administered a particular dosage of a live attenuated 6/85 MG vaccine in either the air cell (AC) or amnion (AM). The treatments included non-injected eggs and eggs injected into the AC or AM with diluent alone as controls.

Genomic diversity, pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from poultry in the southern United States.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) are typically present as commensal bacteria in the gastro-intestinal tract of most animals including poultry species, but some avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains can cause localized and even systematic infections in domestic poultry.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Evaluation of Nipple Discharge: 2022 Update.

The type of nipple discharge dictates the appropriate imaging study. Physiologic nipple discharge is common and does not require diagnostic imaging. Pathologic nipple discharge in women, men, and transgender patients necessitates breast imaging.

Effects of the In Ovo Vaccination of the ts-11 Strain of in Layer Embryos and Posthatch Chicks.

The transmission of the ts-11 strain of (MG) vaccine (ts-11MGV) between incubated eggs and between hatchlings that was administrated via in ovo injection, and its subsequent effects on their posthatch performance were evaluated. Marek's disease diluent alone (sham-injected) or containing either 3.63 × 10, 10, 10, or 10 cfu of ts-11MGV was manually in ovo-injected into the amnion on 18 days of incubation.

Increasing capacity to address the physical health needs of patients in a mental health and addictions hospital.

Purpose: This paper describes the strategy and outcomes of a quality improvement initiative focused on building the capacity of nurses at a mental health and addictions teaching hospital to provide an improved standard of physical health care. Education was provided via a series of e-learning modules and interactive workshops. To reinforce the education and enhance practice change, improvements were made to electronic documentation templates and organizational standards.

Onset of the humoral immune response of layer chicks vaccinated in ovo with strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine and evidence of male-biased mortality.

Previous trials in which layers were in ovo-vaccinated against strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG) showed that nearly 50% of the birds produced IgM antibody against FMG at 6 wk of age (WOA). Standard FMG vaccination application at 9 or 10 woa, result in this percentage at approximately 15 woa. This study investigated when FMG in ovo-vaccinated birds initiate a humoral immune response prior to 6 wk, and if sex influences this response.

Research Note: Age-related effects of feeder space availability on welfare of broilers reared to 56 days of age Part 2: Blood physiological variables.

Consumption of poultry meat has increased dramatically due to the relative price-competitiveness as compared to other meat products. The rapid growth and increased production efficiency of modern genetic strains is perceived to negatively impact the welfare of the animal. Hematological analyses such as acid-base balance provide a thorough evaluation of the welfare in both animals and humans.

Effects of dietary Original XPC on selected blood variables in layer pullets challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Effects of dietary Original XPC (XPC) on 17 selected blood variables in commercial layer pullets challenged with the virulent, low-passage R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (RMG) were investigated. Hy-Line W-36 pullets sourced from M. gallisepticum-clean layer breeders were fed a basal diet with XPC (1.

Growth and humoral immune effects of dietary Original XPC in layer pullets challenged with Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Effects of dietary Original XPC (XPC) in commercial layer pullets challenged with the virulent, low passage R strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (R MG) were investigated. Hy-Line W-36 pullets sourced from MG-clean breeders were fed a basal diet with or without (CON) XPC (1.25 kg/metric ton) from hatch until 12 wk of age (woa).

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase can target multiple topologies of double-stranded DNA in a transcription-independent manner.

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mutates immunoglobulin genes and acts genome-wide. AID targets robustly transcribed genes, and purified AID acts on single-stranded (ss) but not double-stranded (ds) DNA oligonucleotides. Thus, it is believed that transcription is the generator of ssDNA for AID.

Fluorescent microspheres as a positive indicator in an intratracheal infection model.

Animal models testing the ability of vaccines and therapeutic agents to prevent pathology from induced respiratory infection are an important means of testing and validating the vaccines and therapeutic agents. However, the lack of induced pathology in test subjects could be either indicative of protection or a problem with the animal model system. This work describes the improvement of a chicken model system of intratracheal infection using fluorescent microspheres as a positive indicator of infection.

Complete Genome Sequences of Two Vaccine Strains and One Field Isolate of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

infection of poultry can cause significant losses for poultry producers. Live attenuated vaccines mitigate the losses caused by infection, although the antigens that lead to immune protection have not been identified. Here, we report the sequencing of two vaccine strains and one field strain.

Interactive effects of light-sources, photoperiod, and strains on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health indices of broilers grown to heavy weights1.

Effects of light sources, photoperiods, and strains on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health indices of broilers grown to heavy weights (>3 kg) were evaluated. The experimental design was a 4 × 2 × 2 factorial treatments consisting of 4 light sources [incandescent (ICD, standard), compact fluorescent light, neutral light emitting diode (Neutral-LED), and cool poultry specific LED (Cool-poultry specific (PS)-LED)], 2 photoperiods (regular/intermittent [2L:2D], and short [8L:16D]), and 2 strains (A, B). In each trial, chicks of 2 different strains from different commercial hatcheries were equally and randomly distributed into 16 environmentally controlled rooms at 1 D of age.

Complete Genome Sequences of Two Mycoplasma gallisepticum F-Strain Variants.

pathology in poultry is preventable by vaccination with live vaccines. Research has suggested possible differences in host response between F-strain-based vaccines. The genomes of the AviPro vaccine and F99 parent strains were sequenced for comparison with the already sequenced F-strain vaccine.

Transcriptomic analysis of early B-cell development in the chicken embryo.

The chicken bursa of Fabricius is a primary lymphoid tissue important for B-cell development. Our long-term goal is to understand the role of bursal microenvironment in an early B-cell differentiation event initiating repertoire development through immunoglobulin gene conversion in the chick embryo. We hypothesize that early bursal B-cell differentiation is guided by signals through cytokine receptors.

The netB-positive Clostridium perfringens in the experimental induction of necrotic enteritis with or without predisposing factors.

The netB-positive Clostridium perfringens has been considered as the requisite to consistently induce necrotic enteritis (NE). However, use of a netB-positive strain did not guarantee consistent NE reproduction unless high protein diets or Eimeria, conceived as 2 major predisposing factors, was incorporated. To establish a refined model, the roles of dietary fishmeal inclusion, Eimeria inoculation, and netB-positive C.

Occurrence of horizontal transmission in layer chickens after administration of an in ovo strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine1,2,3.

In ovo vaccination is currently being considered as a means of delivery for live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccines. This study was performed to determine the transmissibility of strain F MG (FMG) from in ovo-vaccinated chicks to non-vaccinated pen mates. Eggs from an MG clean flock were incubated together for 18 D, at which point all live embryonated eggs were either not injected or administered a dilution of an FMG vaccine at 106 CFU per dose, 1 × 104 CFU per dose, 1 × 102 CFU per dose, or 1 CFU per dose.

Effects of light-sources and photoperiod on hemato-physiological indices of broilers grown to heavy weights.

We evaluated the influence of light sources and photoperiod on blood physiological variables in four trials. In each trial, 720 1-d-old Ross × Ross 708 chicks were randomly distributed into 12 environmentally controlled rooms (30 males/30 females/room). The experimental design was a 4 × 3 factorial treatments consisting of four light sources [incandescent (ICD, standard), compact fluorescent, neutral light emitting diode, and cool poultry-specific-filtered LED] and three photoperiods [long/continuous (23L:1D), regular/intermittent (2L:2D), and short/non-intermittent (8L:16D)] from d8-d56 at 50% relative humidity.

Effect of light intensity adjusted for species-specific spectral sensitivity on blood physiological variables of male broiler chickens1.

Replacing outdated incandescent light sources provides the opportunity to modify lighting systems according to the needs of different species and according to their spectral sensitivity. Providing a lighting environment geared towards poultry vision may improve bird welfare and blood physiological homeostasis. The influence of two LED light sources (red-supplemented vs.

Early post-hatch survival and humoral immune response of layer chickens when in ovo vaccinated with strain F Mycoplasma gallisepticum,

Commercial layer hens reared on multi-age hen complexes are vaccinated during pullet rearing to combat production losses due to the bacteria Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). In this study, the potential to in ovo vaccinate layer chickens against MG was investigated. Layer embryos were administered a dosage of a live attenuated strain F MG (FMG) vaccine at 18 d of incubation and raised for 6 wk for initial post-hatch evaluation in 2 replicate trials.

The impact of vaccination route on Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine efficacy.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection can lead to major financial losses for poultry producers. Control of M. gallisepticum infection in the layer industry is generally obtained through vaccination due to the nature of the multi-aged flocks in the facilities.

Influence of light sources and photoperiod on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and health indices of broilers grown to heavy weights.

Effects of light sources and photoperiod on growth performance, carcass characteristics and health indices of broilers were investigated in 4 trials. In each trial, 720 1-day-old Ross × Ross 708 chicks were randomly distributed into 12 environmentally controlled rooms (30 males/30 females/room). The experimental design was a 4 × 3 factorial treatments consisted of 4 light sources [incandescent (ICD, standard), compact fluorescent (CFL), neutral light-emitting diode (Neutral-LED), and cool poultry-specific filtered LED (Cool-PSF-LED)] and 3 photoperiods [long/continuous (23L:1D), regular/intermittent (2L:2D), and short/non-intermittent (8L:16D)] from d8-d56.