Chronic larval and adult honey bee laboratory testing: Which dietary additive should be considered when a test substance is not solubilized in acetone?

Chronic toxicity tests on adult and larval honey bees (Apis mellifera) can require the use of dietary additives (solvents, emulsifiers, adjuvants and viscosifier agents) when the active ingredient of plant protection products cannot be dissolved or does not remain stable and homogeneous within the test diets. Acetone is the widely used and accepted solvent allowed within the international regulatory guidelines, but it can be ineffective in keeping certain compounds in solution and can cause toxicity to adults and larvae. In this publication, we present an evaluation of alternative additives in adult and larval diets.

Insecticide washoff from concrete surfaces: characterization and prediction.

Pesticide runoff from impervious surfaces is a significant cause of aquatic contamination and ecologic toxicity in urban waterways. Effective mitigation requires better understanding and prediction of off-site transport processes. Presented here is a comprehensive study on pesticide washoff from concrete surfaces, including washoff tests, experimental data analysis, model development, and application.

Pesticide washoff from concrete surfaces: literature review and a new modeling approach.

Use of pesticides over impervious surfaces like concrete and subsequent washoff and offsite transport significantly contribute to pesticide detection and aquatic toxicity in urban watersheds. This paper presents a comprehensive study on pesticide washoff from concrete surfaces, including reviews of reported experiments and existing models, development of a new model, and its application to controlled experimental conditions. The existing modeling approaches, mainly the exponential function and power-law function, have limitations in explaining pesticide washoff processes characterized from experimental data.

Factors contributing to the off-target transport of pyrethroid insecticides from urban surfaces.

Pyrethroid insecticides used in urban and suburban contexts have been found in urban creek sediments and associated with toxicity in aquatic bioassays. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the main factors contributing to the off-target transport of pyrethroid insecticides from surfaces typical of residential landscapes. Controlled rainfall simulations over concrete, bare soil, and turf plots treated individually with pyrethroid insecticides in a suspension concentrate, an emulsifiable concentrate, or a granule formulation were conducted at different rainfall intensities and different product set-time intervals.

Wash off of imidacloprid and fipronil from turf and concrete surfaces using simulated rainfall.

The surface runoff of imidacloprid granular product (GR) from turf surfaces, and imidacloprid emulsifiable concentrate (EC), fipronil suspension concentrate (SC) products and fipronil byproducts from concrete surfaces was investigated during 1h rainfall simulations at 50 mm/h or 25 mm/h with product incubation times of 1.5 h, 1 d, 7 d, and 14 d. About 57.

Formulation effects and the off-target transport of pyrethroid insecticides from urban hard surfaces.

Controlled rainfall experiments utilizing drop-forming rainfall simulators were conducted to study various factors contributing to off-target transport of off-the-shelf formulated pyrethroid insecticides from concrete surfaces. Factors evaluated included active ingredient, product formulation, time between application and rainfall (set time), and rainfall intensity. As much as 60% and as little as 0.