Review of synthetic approaches toward maoecrystal V.

Synthetic approaches toward the complex natural product diterpenoid maoecrystal V are reviewed, including successful total syntheses, published synthetic efforts, and efforts compiled from dissertations. The review focuses on general synthetic strategies and chronicles efforts toward the molecule since its isolation in 2004, summarizing key contributions of these efforts to the broader synthetic community.

[2.2.2]- to [3.2.1]-Bicycle Skeletal Rearrangement Approach to the Gibberellin Family of Natural Products.

Synthetic studies toward the gibberellin family of natural products are reported. An oxidative dearomatization/Diels-Alder cascade assembles the carbon skeleton as a [2.2.

Double-Diels-Alder Approach to Maoecrystal V. Unexpected C-C Bond-Forming Fragmentations of the [2.2.2]-Bicyclic Core.

Synthetic studies toward maoecrystal V are reported. An oxidative dearomatization/Diels-Alder cascade to assemble the natural product carbocyclic core in one step is proposed. A facile electrocyclization is shown to suppress the intramolecular allene Diels-Alder pathway.

Beyond C, H, O, and N! Analysis of the elemental composition of U.S. FDA approved drug architectures.

The diversity of elements among U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pharmaceuticals is analyzed and reported, with a focus on atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

Evolution of an oxidative dearomatization enabled total synthesis of vinigrol.

The evolution of the synthetic strategy resulting in a total synthesis of vinigrol is presented. Oxidative dearomatization/intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition has served as the successful cornerstone for all of the approaches. Extensive radical cyclization efforts to form the tetracyclic core resulted in interesting and surprising reaction outcomes, none of which could be advanced to vinigrol.

Root release and metabolism of organic acids in tea plants in response to phosphorus supply.

Self-rooted, 10-month-old, uniform tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv.

Changes in organic acid metabolism differ between roots and leaves of Citrus grandis in response to phosphorus and aluminum interactions.

Seedlings of sour pummelo (Citrus grandis) were irrigated daily for 18 weeks with nutrient solution containing four phosphorus (P) levels (50, 100, 250 and 500 microM KH2PO4) and two aluminum (Al) levels [0 (-Al) and 1.2 mM AlCl3 x 6H2O (+Al)]. Both malate and citrate concentrations in +Al leaves decreased with increasing P supply, but their concentrations in -Al leaves did not change in response to P supply.

Aluminum-induced effects on Photosystem II photochemistry in citrus leaves assessed by the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient.

Seedlings of Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck cv. Tuyou were irrigated daily for 5 months with nutrient solution containing 0 (control), 0.

Boron deficiency decreases growth and photosynthesis, and increases starch and hexoses in leaves of citrus seedlings.

Seedlings of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) were fertilized for 14 weeks with boron (B)-free or B-sufficient (2.5 or 10 microM H(3)BO(3)) nutrient solution every other day. Boron deficiency resulted in an overall inhibition of plant growth, with a reduction in root, stem and leaf dry weight (DW).

Aluminum-induced decrease in CO2 assimilation in citrus seedlings is unaccompanied by decreased activities of key enzymes involved in CO2 assimilation.

'Cleopatra' tangerine (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tanaka) seedlings were irrigated daily for 8 weeks with 1/4 strength Hoagland's nutrient solution containing 0 (control) or 2 mM aluminum (Al). Leaves from Al-treated plants had decreased CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance, but increased intercellular CO2 concentrations compared with control leaves.