Public Health Dashboards in Overdose Prevention: The Rhode Island Approach to Public Health Data Literacy, Partnerships, and Action.

As the field of public health rises to the demands of real-time surveillance and rapid data-sharing needs in a postpandemic world, it is time to examine our approaches to the dissemination and accessibility of such data. Distinct challenges exist when working to develop a shared public health language and narratives based on data. It requires that we assess our understanding of public health data literacy, revisit our approach to communication and engagement, and continuously evaluate our impact and relevance.

Accounting for historical injustices in mathematical models of infectious disease transmission: An analytic overview.

Differences in infectious disease risk, acquisition, and severity arise from intersectional systems of oppression and resulting historical injustices that shape individual behavior and circumstance. We define historical injustices as distinct events and policies that arise out of intersectional systems of oppression. We view historical injustices as a medium through which structural forces affect health both directly and indirectly, and are thus important to study in the context of infectious disease disparities.

Arthroscopic Centralization for Lateral Meniscal Injuries Reduces Laxity in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knee.

Background: A lateral meniscal (LM) disorder is one factor that causes rotational laxity after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). There are different types of irreparable meniscal disorders, one of which is a massive meniscal defect.

Hypothesis/purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematic effects of arthroscopic centralization on an irreparable LM defect.

Targeting community-based naloxone distribution using opioid overdose death rates: A descriptive analysis of naloxone rescue kits and opioid overdose deaths in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

Background: Rates of fatal opioid overdose in Massachusetts (MA) and Rhode Island (RI) far exceed the national average. Community-based opioid education and naloxone distribution (OEND) programs are effective public health interventions to prevent overdose deaths. We compared naloxone distribution and opioid overdose death rates in MA and RI to identify priority communities for expanded OEND.

Effect of alternative income assistance schedules on drug use and drug-related harm: a randomised controlled trial.

Background: The synchronised monthly disbursement of income assistance, whereby all recipients are paid on the same day, has been associated with increases in illicit drug use and serious associated harms. This phenomenon is often referred to as the cheque effect. Because payment variability can affect consumption patterns, this study aimed to assess whether these harms could be mitigated through a structural intervention that varied income assistance payment timing and frequency.

Effect of Percentage of Femoral Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insertion Site Reconstructed With Hamstring Tendon on Knee Kinematics and Graft Force.

Background: Previous studies have stated that closely matching the size of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insertion site footprint is important for biomechanical function and clinical stability after ACL reconstruction. However, the ACL varies widely regarding the area of femoral insertion, tibial insertion, and midsubstance of ACL, and reconstructing the insertion site area with a uniform diameter graft can result in a cross-sectional area that is greater than that of the midsubstance of the native ACL. Therefore, understanding the effect of relative graft size in ACL reconstruction on knee biomechanics is important for surgical planning.

Ecological momentary assessment of daily drug use and harm reduction service utilization among people who inject drugs in non-urban areas: A concurrent mixed-method feasibility study.

Background: Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) can improve data accuracy and be useful for understanding the real-time co-occurrence of drug use and harm reduction service utilization among people who inject drugs (PWID); however, feasibility and acceptability of EMA in this population is unknown.

Methods: We conducted qualitative interviews (n = 45) and EMA surveys (n = 38) with PWID in cities and towns outside of Massachusetts' and Rhode Island's capital cities to 1) assess EMA feasibility and acceptability and 2) examine day-level correlations between drug use and harm reduction service utilization.

Results: Qualitative and quantitative data demonstrated that a 14-day EMA study was both feasible and acceptable.

Comparing injecting and sexual risk behaviors of long-term injectors with new injectors: A meta-analysis.

The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of injection duration on injection and sexual high-risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID), in order to inform development of intensive HIV prevention services for selected PWID sub-populations. We searched PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Cochrane electronic databases independently in December 2018. After reviewing for duplication, full-texts of selected articles were assessed for eligibility using certain Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes (PICO) criteria.

Long-term retention in pre-exposure prophylaxis care among men who have sex with men and transgender women in the United States.

Introduction: Retention in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care in real-world settings, outside of controlled trials or demonstration projects, remains poorly understood.

Methods: We evaluated retention in PrEP care outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women prescribed PrEP through March 2017 at three clinical sites in the United States (US): Jackson, Mississippi; Providence, Rhode Island; and St. Louis, Missouri.

Arthroscopic centralization restores residual knee laxity in ACL-reconstructed knee with a lateral meniscus defect.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of knee biomechanics with an irreparable lateral meniscus defect using the centralization capsular meniscus support procedure in the setting of the ACL-reconstructed knee in a porcine model. The hypothesis is the arthroscopic centralization will decrease the laxity and rotation of the ACL-reconstructed knee.

Methods: Twelve fresh-frozen porcine knees were tested using a robotic testing system under the following loading conditions: (a) an 89.

Willingness to use a supervised injection facility among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Supervised injection facilities (SIFs) are legally sanctioned environments for people to inject drugs under medical supervision. SIFs currently operate in ten countries, but to date, no SIF has been opened in the USA. In light of increasing overdose mortality in the USA, this study evaluated willingness to use a SIF among youth who report non-medical prescription opioid (NMPO) use.

Prevalence and correlates of fentanyl-contaminated heroin exposure among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically.

Background: The rate of overdose deaths caused by fentanyl-contaminated heroin (FCH) use is increasing rapidly in the United States. We examined risk factors for exposure to FCH and experiences with FCH use among young adult non-medical prescription opioids (NMPO) users.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Rhode Island Young Adult Prescription Drug Study (RAPiDS), which enrolled young adults aged 18 to 29 reporting prior 30day NMPO use between January 2015 and February 2016.

Social context and perspectives of non-medical prescription opioid use among young adults in Rhode Island: A qualitative study.

Background And Objectives: This pilot study examined the context of nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) use and related risk behaviors among young adults in Rhode Island, a New England region with markedly high prevalence of NMPO use and overdose mortality.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews (n = 13) with young adults (18-29 year-olds) who reported current or recent NMPO use. We also conducted focus groups (two groups, n = 14 total) with professional service providers recruited from service organizations.

Patterns of HIV Risks and Related Factors among People Who Inject Drugs in Kermanshah, Iran: A Latent Class Analysis.

The objective of this study was to explore patterns of drug use and sexual risk behaviors among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran. We surveyed 500 PWID in Kermanshah concerning demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and drug-related risk behaviors in the month prior to study. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to establish a baseline model of risk profiles and to identify the optimal number of latent classes, and we used ordinal regression to identify factors associated with class membership.

Access to substance use treatment among young adults who use prescription opioids non-medically.

Background: Non-medical prescription opioid (NMPO) use is a substantial public health problem in the United States, with 1.5 million new initiates annually. Only 746,000 people received treatment for NMPO use in 2013, demonstrating substantial disparities in access to treatment.

The effect of anterior cruciate ligament graft rotation on knee biomechanics.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on knee biomechanics of rotating the distal end of the bone-patellar tendon graft 90° in anatomic single-bundle (SB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with a porcine model.

Methods: Twenty (n = 20) porcine knees were evaluated using a robotic testing system. Two groups and three knee states were compared: (1) intact ACL, (2) deficient ACL and (3) anatomic SB ACL reconstruction with (a) non-rotated graft or (b) rotated graft (anatomic external fibre rotation).

Negative Experiences on Facebook and Depressive Symptoms Among Young Adults.

Purpose: To examine whether negative Facebook (FB) experiences were independently associated with depressive symptoms among young adults in a longitudinal family cohort.

Methods: Negative FB experiences were measured by type (e.g.

Acute HIV infection transmission among people who inject drugs in a mature epidemic setting.

Objective: Estimates for the contribution of transmission arising from acute HIV infections (AHIs) to overall HIV incidence vary significantly. Furthermore, little is known about AHI-attributable transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID), including the extent to which interventions targeting chronic infections (e.g.

Improving the effectiveness and delivery of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to people who inject drugs.

Given evidence to date, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for people who inject drugs should be implemented alongside efforts to improve access to existing evidence-based HIV prevention interventions, including antiretroviral therapy and opioid agonist treatments. The criminalization and marginalization of people who inject drugs has and will continue to limit the effectiveness of HIV prevention strategies, including PrEP.

Commentary on Sacks-Davis et al. (2016): Quantifying the risk environment-effect modification and precision population health.

Substance use epidemiology focuses increasingly on the risk environment; however, few studies quantify the differential impacts of physical, social and structural environments on population health risk factors and outcomes. To do so, researchers studying the effects of the risk environment on drug-related harms should consider effect modification analyses.

Non-medical use of prescription opioids is associated with heroin initiation among US veterans: a prospective cohort study.

Aims: To estimate the influence of non-medical use of prescription opioids (NMUPO) on heroin initiation among US veterans receiving medical care.

Design: Using a multivariable Cox regression model, we analyzed data from a prospective, multi-site, observational study of HIV-infected and an age/race/site-matched control group of HIV-uninfected veterans in care in the United States. Approximately annual behavioral assessments were conducted and contained self-reported measures of NMUPO and heroin use.