Exploring the Role of Machine Learning in Diagnosing and Treating Speech Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review.

Purpose: Speech disorders profoundly impact the overall quality of life by impeding social operations and hindering effective communication. This study addresses the gap in systematic reviews concerning machine learning-based assistive technology for individuals with speech disorders. The overarching purpose is to offer a comprehensive overview of the field through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and provide valuable insights into the landscape of ML-based solutions and related studies.

Effective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors isolated from tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus).

Two effective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors were isolated from tarragon, Artemisia dracunculus. Their structures were spectroscopically identified as 2E,4E-undeca-2,4-diene-8,10-diynoic acid isobutylamide (1) and 2E,4E-undeca-2,4-diene-8,10-diynoic acid piperidide (2). Both compounds had dose-dependent inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 activity with IC50 values of 10.

Effective cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitor isolated from thyme (Thymus saturoides) purchased from a Japanese market.

A highly polymethylated flavone that effectively inhibited cytochrome P450s (CYPs) 1A2 and 3A4 (IC(50) = 2.41 and 1.71 µM) in vitro was isolated from thyme leaves (Thymus saturoides) purchased from a Japanese market.

The strength of donor-specific antibody is a more reliable predictor of antibody-mediated rejection than flow cytometry crossmatch analysis in desensitized kidney recipients.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and flow cytometry crossmatch (FCCM) as tools for predicting antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) in desensitized kidney recipients. Sera from 44 patients with DSA at the time of transplant were reviewed. Strength of DSA was determined by single antigen Luminex bead assay and expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI).

High frequencies of polyfunctional HIV-specific T cells are associated with preservation of mucosal CD4 T cells in bronchoalveolar lavage.

The mechanisms underlying the massive gastrointestinal tract CD4 T-cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are not well understood nor is it clear whether similar depletion is manifest at other mucosal surfaces. Studies of T-cell and virus dynamics in different anatomical sites have begun to illuminate the pathogenesis of HIV-associated disease. Here, we studied depletion and HIV infection frequencies of CD4 T cells from the gastrointestinal tract, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and blood with the frequencies and functional profiles of HIV-specific T cells in these anatomically distinct sites in HIV-infected individuals.

The chemokine CXCL14 (BRAK) stimulates activated NK cell migration: implications for the downregulation of CXCL14 in malignancy.

Objective: The primary function of chemokines is the regulation of leukocyte trafficking by stimulating directional chemotaxis. The chemokine CXCL14 (BRAK) is highly expressed in all normal tissues, but is not expressed in most malignant tissues. The chemotactic activity of CXCL14 has been difficult to characterize.

Serial transplantation resulting in tolerance to an unrelated cord blood graft.

Unrelated cord blood (UCB) hematopoietic stem cells were serially transplanted into two human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical siblings with T cell, B cell, natural killer cell severe combined immunodeficiency. Brother A received a 4/6-matched, HLA DRbeta1-identical but class I-disparate UCB graft after myeloablative dosages of busulfan, melphalan, and antithymocyte globulin. He experienced complete donor chimerism, severe acute gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and limited chronic skin GVHD that resolved with treatment.

Activation of natural killer-like YT-INDY cells by oligodeoxynucleotides and binding by homologous pattern recognition proteins.

The present study was designed to examine the binding and signalling effects of single base and CpG dinucleotide phosphodiester (Po) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) on the human natural killer (NK)-like cell line (YT-INDY). Single base Po ODN composed of 20-mers of guanosine (dG20), adenosine (dA20), cytosine (dC20) or thymidine (dT20) as well as 'conventional' Po CpG ODN were examined for their ability to bind and activate YT-INDY cells. Binding by dG20 and CpG ODN to YT-INDY cells was saturable and specific.

Regulation of FasL expression in natural killer cells.

Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated cytotoxicity is initiated in natural killer (NK) cells through ligation of their activating receptors. The CD16 receptor has been shown to induce FasL expression and cytotoxicity in NK cells. In this study, we made the novel observation that FasL expression was upregulated in NKL cells stimulated through 2B4 and LFA-1 activating receptors, implying a role for FasL-mediated cytotoxicity early in the immune response.

Effect of Fas+ and Fas- target cells on the ability of NK cells to repeatedly fragment DNA and trigger lysis via the Fas lytic pathway.

We and others have recently shown that human NK cells express the Fas ligand (FasL) constitutively and that they can trigger the lysis of Fas positive (Fas+) target cells (TC) by apoptosis. We have also previously demonstrated that NK cells exposed to sensitive TC temporarily lose their ability to lyse sensitive TC via the granule-mediated pathway and that this loss is recovered when inactivated NK cells (NKi) are incubated in medium supplemented with IL-2, IL-12 or IL-15. In this study, we investigated the fate of the Fas-lytic pathway in NK cells exposed to either Fas+ or Fas- TC.

The E5 protein of human papillomavirus type 16 perturbs MHC class II antigen maturation in human foreskin keratinocytes treated with interferon-gamma.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens are expressed on human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) following exposure to interferon gamma. The expression of MHC class II proteins on the cell surface may allow keratinocytes to function as antigen-presenting cells and induce a subsequent immune response to virus infection. Invariant chain (Ii) is a chaperone protein which plays an important role in the maturation of MHC class II molecules.

Requirement of caspase-3 for efficient apoptosis induction and caspase-7 activation but not viral replication or cell rounding in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus.

Infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a rhabdovirus and economically significant animal pathogen, was previously demonstrated to induce apoptosis. The mechanism of induction and the role of apoptosis in the VSV-host response have not been completely elucidated. Previous data from our laboratory have suggested that caspase-3 is required for the induction of apoptosis but not viral replication in VSV-infected cells.

Expression of p58.2 or CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptors in an NK-like cell line, YTINDY, leads to HLA Class I-mediated inhibition of cytotoxicity in the p58.2- but not the CD94/NKG2A-expressing transfectant.

Natural killer cytotoxicity is down-regulated by HLA Class I-specific inhibitory receptors classified as killer inhibitory receptors (KIRs) or C-type lectins. The regulation of their inhibitory signaling pathways is not completely understood. The YTINDY NK-like cell line was transfected to express p58.

Caspase-3-like proteases are activated by infection but are not required for replication of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), the prototype rhabdovirus, causes apoptotic DNA fragmentation, but the role of apoptosis in the VSV-host interaction remains unclear. Apoptosis is the gene-regulated mechanism triggered by a wide variety of stimuli that lead to cell death in a choreographed manner. In the present study, infection of the Jurkat T cell line with VSV led to activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7, with subsequent apoptotic events involving poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and membrane damage.

NK cells recover early and mediate cytotoxicity via perforin/granzyme and Fas/FasL pathways in umbilical cord blood recipients.

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is now widely accepted as a source of stem cells in patients with malignant hematologic and genetic disorders. We have recently reported that in a series of 30 pediatric UCB transplant recipients comparable outcome to that anticipated with other unrelated stem cell sources. In our series, however, the probability of GVHD for grade III-IV was 9% and no UCB recipient developed chronic GVHD.

Evidence that Fas-induced apoptosis leads to S phase arrest.

Cell death by apoptosis is an efficient mechanism of eliminating unwanted or aberrant cells. Triggering of Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, by anti-Fas antibodies or by the Fas ligand (FasL), has been shown to cause cell death by apoptosis. A recent study from our laboratory has demonstrated that Fas crosslinking leads to the dephosphorylation of the tumor suppressor retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and that this dephosphorylation is inhibited by calyculin A, a serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitor.

Analysis of engraftment, graft-versus-host disease, and immune recovery following unrelated donor cord blood transplantation.

Unrelated cord blood (UCB) is being used as a source of alternative hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation with increasing frequency. From November 1994 to February 1999, 30 UCB transplant procedures were performed for both malignant and nonmalignant diseases in 27 children, aged 0.4 to 17.

Regulation of human natural killer cell migration and proliferation by the exodus subfamily of CC chemokines.

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses to obligate intracellular pathogens. Nevertheless, the regulation of NK cell trafficking and migration to inflammatory sites is poorly understood. Exodus-1/MIP-3alpha/LARC, Exodus-2/6Ckine/SLC, and Exodus-3/MIP-3beta/ELC/CKbeta-11 are CC chemokines that share a unique aspartate-cysteine-cysteine-leucine motif near their amino terminus and preferentially stimulate the migration of T lymphocytes.

Fas-mediated apoptosis in T cells involves the dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein by type 1 protein phosphatases.

Apoptosis is triggered by a number of different stimuli including the activation of Fas antigen, a member of the TNF family, by the Fas ligand. The signal transduction events implicated in apoptosis are complex and remain only partially understood. In this study, we used calyculin A, a potent inhibitor of serine/threonine (ser/thr) phosphatases types 1 and 2A, to investigate the role of ser/thr phosphatases in Fas-induced apoptosis.

Regulation of naïve fetal T-cell migration by the chemokines Exodus-2 and Exodus-3.

We and other workers have recently isolated three novel CC chemokines termed Exodus-1/LARC/Mip-3alpha, Exodus-2/6Ckine/SLC/TCA4, and Exodus-3/Mip-3beta/CKbeta11/ELC. These chemokines share an amino terminal Asp-Cys-Cys-Leu sequence, unique among all chemokines. They also selectively regulate migration of adult T cells.

Over-expression of multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein inhibits NK granule-mediated lytic ability without affecting the Fas lytic pathway.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor cells is commonly associated wich the over-expression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), the product of the MDR1 gene. In this study, we investigated whether over-expression of Pgp in natural killer (NK) cells would influence their granule- as well as fas-mediated cytolytic activities. YT-INDY, a human NK-like cell line, was transfected with the MDR 1 gene, then tested for Pgp activity the presence of various concentrations of R-verapamil, a potent Pgp inhibitor.

Evaluation of seven PCR-based assays for the analysis of microchimerism.

Objective: The presence of small numbers of cells of donor origin in the circulation of recipients of organ transplants (microchimerism) may correlate with immunologic tolerance. As part of our ongoing studies on microchimerism, we evaluated the utility of seven PCR-based assays for the detection of the less abundant DNA in paired mixtures (100 ng total DNA).

Design And Methods: DNA samples were screened to identify pairs informative for one or more PCR assays.

Fas-mediated cytotoxicity induces degradation of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA transcripts and reduces viral titer.

Several investigators have recently examined the effect of Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptotic cell death on target cells (TC). The effect of Fas-mediated death on viral RNA within the TC, however, has not been explored. In this study, we investigated the ability of the Fas pathway to mediate pre-lytic degradation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) RNA and TC RNA.

Granzyme B independently of perforin mediates noncytolytic intracellular inactivation of vesicular stomatitis virus.

Cytotoxic cells provide a crucial defense against DNA and RNA viral infections. Here we describe an in vitro model to study the fate of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) RNA in cells undergoing apoptosis. Using the [3H]uridine release assay, we show that human LAK cells induce the degradation of RNA in infected U937 cells in addition to inhibiting the production of infectious virions.

Regulation of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by serine/threonine phosphatases: identification of a calyculin A-sensitive serine/threonine kinase.

We have recently reported that Ser/Thr phosphatases play a key role in regulating natural killer (NK) cell lytic activity and that calyculin A and okadaic acid affect this activity differently [Bajpai and Brahmi (1994) J. Biol. Chem.