Menopause mysteries: the exosome-inflammation connection.

Extracellular vesicles, or exosomes, are produced by every type of cell and contain metabolites, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Their role in health and disease is to influence different aspects of cell biology and to act as intermediaries between cells. Follicular fluid exosomes or extracellular vesicles (FF-EVs) secreted by ovarian granulosa cells are critical mediators of ovary growth and maturation.

Scopoletin: A Validated Protector against Cerulein-induced Acute Pancreatitis & Associated Lung Injury by Regulating PPAR- γ "A Multidimensional Approach".

Our previous study established the effectiveness of scopoletin (SC) in protecting mice against acute pancreatitis (AP) induced by cerulein and subsequent pulmonary injury. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying SC protective effects have yet to be elucidated. This research suggests that SC reduces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) in mice suffering from AP.

Consequence of alcohol intoxication-mediated efferocytosis impairment.

Alcohol ingestion is a widespread habituation that evolved along with a growing population, altering physiological conditions through immunomodulatory function. There is much research that has reported that consumption of alcohol at low and heavy levels causes different biological impacts, including cellular injury, leading to systemic dysfunction and increased inflammatory markers. In the fate of professional phagocytic cells, efferocytosis is an inevitable mechanism activated by the apoptotic cells, thus eliminating them and preventing the accumulation of cell corpses/debris in the microenvironment.

NLRP3: a new therapeutic target in alcoholic liver disease.

The liver is in charge of a wide range of critical physiological processes and it plays an important role in activating the innate immune system which elicits the inflammatory events. Chronic ethanol exposure disrupts hepatic inflammatory mechanism and leads to the release of proinflammatory mediators such as chemokines, cytokines and activation of inflammasomes. The mechanism of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis involve activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the destruction of hepatocytes and subsequent metabolic dysregulation in humans.

An Insight into the Molecular Mechanism of Mitochondrial Toxicant-induced Neuronal Apoptosis in Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting approximately 1% of the world's population at the age of 50 and above. Majority of PD cases are sporadic and show symptoms after the age of 60 and above. At that time, most of the dopaminergic neurons in the region of substantia nigra pars compacta have been degenerated.

Inflammasome Signaling in the Aging Brain and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes, members of the innate immune system, and their activation and regulation play an essential role in maintaining homeostatic conditions against exogenous and endogenous stimuli. Inflammasomes occur as cytosolic proteins and assemble into a complex during the recognition of pathogen-associated or danger-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors in host cells. The formation of the inflammasome complex elicits signaling molecules of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β and interleukin 18 via activation of caspase-1 in the canonical inflammasome pathway whereas caspase-11 in the case of a mouse and caspase-4 and caspase-5 in the case of humans in the non-canonical inflammasome pathway, resulting in pyroptotic or inflammatory cell death which ultimately leads to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.

Intense THz source based on BNA organic crystal pumped at Ti:sapphire wavelength.

We report on high-energy terahertz pulses by optical rectification (OR) in the organic crystal N-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (BNA) directly pumped by a conventional Ti:sapphire amplifier. The simple scheme provides an optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency of 0.25% when pumped by collimated laser pulses with a duration of 50 fs and a central wavelength of 800 nm.

Spectroscopic, nonlinear optical and quantum chemical studies on Pyrrolidinium p-Hydroxybenzoate--a phase matchable organic NLO crystal.

Good quality and bulk single crystals of Pyrrolidinium p-Hydroxybenzoate (PYPHB), a newly identified nonlinear optical material, were grown for the first time. It crystallizes in monoclinic system with an acentric space group Cc. The molecular structure including carbon, proton positions and functional groups has been confirmed through nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectra.

2-Amino-6-methyl-pyridinium 4-hy-droxy-benzoate.

In the title mol-ecular salt, C6H9N2 (+)·C7H5O3 (-), the dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the CO2 group in the anion is 6.1 (2)°. In the crystal, the cation and anion are linked by N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the anions are connected by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network.

Spectroscopic, quantum-chemical and X-ray diffraction studies of Piperidinium p-Hydroxybenzoate-combined experimental and theoretical studies on a novel NLO crystal.

Large size and high quality single crystals of organic nonlinear optical material Piperidinium p-Hydroxybenzoate (PDPHB) have been grown by solution growth method. This crystal belongs to monoclinic system with a noncentrosymmetric space group of Cc. To confirm its structure and compositions this material was subjected to single and powder X-ray diffraction and microanalysis studies.

2-Amino-5-chloro-pyridinium 4-amino-benzoate.

In the title molecular salt, C(5)H(6)ClN(2) (+)·C(7)H(6)NO(2) (-), the cations and anions are connected by cation-to-anion and anion-to-anion N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. The dihedral angle between the ring and the CO(2) group in the anion is 7.14 (7)°.

Spectroscopic, thermal and mechanical studies on 4-methylanilinium p-toluenesulfonate - a new organic NLO single crystal.

Bulk crystals of newly identified organic nonlinear optical material 4-methylanilinium p-toluenesulfonate (PMPT) were grown by slow evaporation solution growth method using ethanol as a solvent. It crystallizes in monoclinic system with a noncentrosymmetric space group P2(1). The formation of the title compound was confirmed through microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and density measurements.