The effect of concussion on subsequent musculoskeletal injury risk in high school athletes.

Background: Studies have demonstrated an increased risk of musculoskeletal (MSK) injury after concussion in collegiate and professional athletes, but there has been relatively little study of this relationship in younger athletes.

Objective: To determine the odds of experiencing a subsequent MSK injury after concussion in high school athletes. It was hypothesized that concussion would increase the risk of MSK injury within 365 days of the concussion event.

Factors Affecting Incidence Rate of Exertional Heat Illnesses: Analysis of 6 Years of High School Football Practices in North Central Florida.

Background: Although experts have advocated for regionally specific heat safety guidelines for decades, guidelines have not been universally adopted.

Purpose: To describe the rate and risk factors associated with exertional heat illness (EHI).

Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.

Roundtable on Preseason Heat Safety in Secondary School Athletics: Environmental Monitoring During Activities in the Heat.

Objective: To develop best-practice recommendations using thermal indices to determine work-to-rest ratios and facilitate further implementation of environmental monitoring for heat safety in secondary school athletics in the United States.

Data Sources: A narrative review of the current literature on environmental monitoring for heat safety during athletics was conducted by content experts. A list of action-oriented recommendations was established from the narrative review and further refined using the Delphi method.

Volleyball-related injuries in adolescent female players: an initial report.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries sustained in female adolescent volleyball players.

Methods: Volleyball players (n = 276; 13-18 years), with any level of volleyball experience, were recruited. Participants completed a study-specific survey about their overall sport(s) involvement, training modalities, volleyball experience (beginner, intermediate, advanced), annual volume of volleyball play, injuries accrued during volleyball, and care received for injury.

Sport Specialization and Overuse Injuries in Adolescent Throwing Athletes: A Narrative Review.

A significant number of adolescent athletes throughout the world participate in various throwing-dominant sports, including but not limited to baseball, cricket, handball, softball, track and field throwing events, and water polo. Due to the unique stresses placed on the throwing arm and entire body in these sports, a robust volume of literature has highlighted concerns about sport specialization in these athletes and an associated increased risk of injury, particularly to the dominant shoulder and elbow, with sport specialization. This review will highlight the evidence-based literature for this athletic niche, focusing on risk factors for injury, national and international organizations' recommendations for limiting overuse injuries, principles of conditioning and rehabilitative programs, and potential future areas of research to curb the growing incidence of throwing-related injuries among adolescent throwing athletes.

Unaccounted Workload Factor: Game-Day Pitch Counts in High School Baseball Pitchers-An Observational Study.

Background: Throwing injuries are common in high school baseball. Known risk factors include excessive pitch counts, year-round pitching, and pitching with arm pain and fatigue. Despite the evidence, the prevalence of pitching injuries among high school players has not decreased.

Exercise intervention for unilateral amputees with low back pain: study protocol for a randomised, controlled trial.

Background: Atraumatic lower limb amputation is a life-changing event for approximately 185,000 persons in the United States each year. A unilateral amputation is associated with rapid changes to the musculoskeletal system including leg and back muscle atrophy, strength loss, gait asymmetries, differential mechanical joint loading and leg length discrepancies. Even with high-quality medical care and prostheses, amputees still develop secondary musculoskeletal conditions such as chronic low back pain (LBP).

Exertional Heat Illnesses and Environmental Conditions During High School Football Practices.

Background: Guidelines for preventing exertional heat illnesses (EHIs) during extreme heat stress should be specific to regional environments, age, and sport and should be based on evidence of reducing the risk. Each year in the United States, over 1 million high school football players practice in the August heat; however, no published data describe the incidence of EHIs in these athletes.

Purpose: To describe the environmental conditions and incidence of EHIs during high school football practices over a 3-month period.

Concussion knowledge in high school football players.

Context: Participating in sports while experiencing symptoms of a concussion can be dangerous. An athlete's lack of knowledge may be one factor influencing his or her decision to report symptoms. In an effort to enhance concussion education among high school athletes, legislation in Florida has attempted to address the issue through parental consent forms.

Elbow joint position sense after neuromuscular training with handheld vibration.

Context: Clinicians use neuromuscular control exercises to enhance joint position sense (JPS); however, because standardizing such exercises is difficult, validations of their use are limited.

Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of a neuromuscular training exercise with a handheld vibrating dumbbell on elbow JPS acuity.

Design: Crossover study.

Glenohumeral rotational range of motion in collegiate overhead-throwing athletes during an athletic season.

Context: Repetitive throwing at high velocities leads to altered range of motion (ROM) in the dominant shoulder compared with the nondominant shoulder in overhead-throwing athletes. Loss of glenohumeral internal rotation (IR), or glenohumeral internal-rotation deficit (GIRD), is associated with shoulder injuries. Therefore, GIRD should be evaluated during the clinical examination of the thrower's shoulder.

Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to (1) assess the inter-rater reliability and validity of 2 clinical assessment methods of categorizing scapular dyskinesis and (2) quantify the frequency of asymmetry of bilateral scapular motion in injured and uninjured shoulders by use of 3-dimensional (3D) kinematic analysis.

Methods: We evaluated 56 subjects, 35 with shoulder injury and 21 with no symptoms. Two blinded evaluators categorized the scapular motion of all subjects to determine inter-rater reliability using 2 observational methods ("yes/no" and "4 type") to evaluate scapular dyskinesis.

Principles of restoring function and sensorimotor control in patients with shoulder dysfunction.

This article reviews the basic principles of restoring sensorimotor (SMS) function and evidence-based outcome assessments and describes their integration into treating patients who have shoulder dysfunction. When integrated clinically, the principles of restoring SMS function act in synergy with those of functional outcome-based practices.

Recovery of upper extremity sensorimotor system acuity in baseball athletes after a throwing-fatigue protocol.

Context: Research indicates that upper extremity fatigue hampers sensorimotor system acuity. However, no investigators have observed recovery of upper extremity acuity after fatigue.

Objective: To observe recovery of active position reproduction acuity in overhead throwers after a throwing-fatigue protocol.

Functional fatigue and upper extremity sensorimotor system acuity in baseball athletes.

Context: The sensorimotor system controls the balance between upper extremity stability and mobility during athletic performance. Research indicates that fatigue hampers sensorimotor system function; however, few investigators have studied functional fatigue or multijoint, multiplanar measures.

Objective: To examine the effect of functional fatigue on upper extremity position reproduction in overhead throwing athletes.

Functional multijoint position reproduction acuity in overhead-throwing athletes.

Context: Baseball players rely on the sensorimotor system to uphold the balance between upper extremity stability and mobility while maintaining athletic performance. However, few researchers have studied functional multijoint measures of sensorimotor acuity in overhead-throwing athletes.

Objective: To compare sensorimotor acuity between 2 high-demand functional positions and among planes of motion within individual joints and to describe a novel method of measuring sensorimotor function.

Functional Fatigue Decreases 3-Dimensional Multijoint Position Reproduction Acuity in the Overhead-Throwing Athlete.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of functional fatigue on active multijoint position reproduction in overhead-throwing athletes. DESIGN AND SETTING: A standard, repeated-measures, randomized-ordered, counterbalanced, 2-period (crossover) design was used. During the first test session, we randomly assigned subjects to either the nonfatigue or fatigue condition.