Greek physician Asclepiades of Bithynia (124-40 BC) and his contribution to thinking about mental illness and its treatment.

Objectives: To outline the life and work of Greek physician Asclepiades of Bithynia (124-40 BC), especially his contributions to thinking about mental illness.

Methods: Review and discussion of relevant fragments of Asclepiades' work that survive and review of secondary literature, supplemented by relevant systematic literature searches (e.g.

Asclepiades of Bithynia: Greek physician and medical reformer.

Asclepiades of Bithynia (124-40 BC) was a Greek physician who practised and taught Greek medicine in Rome. Among his many contributions, Asclepiades challenged the long-standing Hippocratic doctrine of the four humours. Influenced by Epicurean philosophy, he sought to construct a new theory of human disease, derived in part from atomic theories of chance and evolution earlier described by Democritus and Epicurus.

The contextual interference effect and sport skills.

During the last twenty-five years, the contextual interference effect has been thoroughly studied. This review finds that the effect is relatively robust in basic research, but considerably weaker in applied settings. Motor learning scholars have urged practitioners to develop instructional strategies based upon the inferences of the contextual interference effect.

2-[11C]thymidine positron emission tomography reproducibility in humans.

Purpose: To evaluate the reproducibility of 2-[11C]thymidine positron emission tomography (PET) scanning in patients with advanced intra-abdominal malignancies.

Patients And Methods: The reproducibility of 2-[11C]thymidine PET was studied by comparing interpatient and intrapatient variability (coefficient of variability, COV) of both blood and tissue data. Arterial plasma metabolite levels were measured using on-line sampling and high-pressure liquid chromatography.

The uptake of 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine into L5178Y tumours in vivo is dependent on thymidine kinase 1 protein levels.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) protein in 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) studies.

Methods: We investigated the in vivo kinetics of [18F]FLT in TK1+/- and TK1-/- L5178Y mouse lymphoma tumours that express different levels of TK1 protein.

Results: [18F]FLT-derived radioactivity, measured by a dedicated small animal PET scanner, increased within the tumours over 60 min.

18F-fluorothiols: a new approach to label peptides chemoselectively as potential tracers for positron emission tomography.

[(18)F]Fluorothiols are a new generation of peptide labeling reagents. This article describes the preparation of suitable methanesulfonyl precursors and their use in no-carrier-added radiosyntheses of (18)F-fluorothiols. The preparations of (3-[(18)F]fluoropropylsulfanyl)triphenylmethane, (2-[2-[2-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethylsulfanyl)triphenylmethane, and 4-[(18)F]fluoromethyl-N-[2-triphenylmethanesulfanyl)ethyl]benzamide starting from the corresponding methanesulfonyl precursors were investigated.

Contextual interference: a meta-analytic study.

A meta-analysis of the contextual interference effect produced 139 estimates of effect sizes from 61 studies. The average overall effect size was .38.

Radiosynthesis of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-[(11)C]ethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-l-glutamic acid a half mustard prodrug as a potential probe for imaging antibody- and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy with positron emission tomography.

The potential antibody directed prodrug therapy half-mustard prodrug 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-ethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid was synthesised by reductive alkylation of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid using acetaldehyde. 4-[(2-chloroethyl)[(11)C](2-ethyl)amino]phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid was synthesized with 18-22% decay corrected radiochemical yield in 45 min from EOB by reductive alkylation of 4-[(2-chloroethyl)amino]-phenoxycarbonyl-L-glutamic acid using [(11)C]acetaldehyde. [(11)C]Acetaldehyde was prepared in 60% decay corrected radiochemical yield by oxidation of [(11)C]ethanol over heated copper oxide.

3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine as a new marker for monitoring tumor response to antiproliferative therapy in vivo with positron emission tomography.

3'-Deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) has been proposed as a new marker for imaging tumor proliferation by positron emission tomography (PET). The uptake of [(18)F]FLT is regulated by cytosolic S-phase-specific thymidine kinase 1 (TK1). In this article, we have investigated the use of [(18)F]FLT to monitor the response of tumors to antiproliferative treatment in vivo.

Metabolic activation of temozolomide measured in vivo using positron emission tomography.

The purpose of this research was to quantitate and confirm the mechanism of in vivo metabolic activation of temozolomide. The secondary aims were to evaluate the tumor, normal tissue, and plasma pharmacokinetics of temozolomide in vivo, and to determine whether such pharmacokinetics resulted in tumor targeting. [(11)C]temozolomide kinetics were studied in men using positron emission tomography (PET).

Applications of positron-emitting halogens in PET oncology (Review).

The positron-emitting radiohalogens 18F, 75Br, 76Br, and 124I are reviewed regarding their relevance for positron emission tomography (PET) in oncology. Relevant production routes of these cyclotron-generated isotopes are given, followed by publications that deal with applications of these radiohalogens. This article tries to cover the whole literature for the non-conventional isotopes 75Br, 76Br, and 124I.

Iodine-124 labelled annexin-V as a potential radiotracer to study apoptosis using positron emission tomography.

Annexin-V is a calcium-dependent protein that binds with high affinity to phosphaditylserine exposed during apoptosis. The aim of this study was to radiolabel annexin-V with iodine-124 for use as a potential probe of apoptosis by positron emission tomography. Annexin-V was radioiodinated directly using the cyclotron-produced positron emitter iodine-124 by the chloramine-T (CAT) method and indirectly by the pre-labelled reagent N-succinimidyl 3-[124I]iodobenzoate ([124I]m-SIB).

Antitumor imidazotetrazines. 40. Radiosyntheses of [4-11C-carbonyl]- and [3-N-11C-methyl]-8-carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one (temozolomide) for positron emission tomography (PET) studies.

8-Carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one (temozolomide, 1) is an anticancer prodrug. As part of investigations to probe its postulated mode of action using PET we have developed two rapid radiosynthetic routes for the preparation of temozolomide labeled with the short-lived positron emitter, carbon-11 (t(1/2) = 20.4 min).

The development of [(124)I]iodinated-VG76e: a novel tracer for imaging vascular endothelial growth factor in vivo using positron emission tomography.

The development of anticancer therapies that target the angiogenic process is an area of major growth in oncology. A method of noninvasively measuring tumor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vivo could provide important efficacy information for VEGF-dependent antiangiogenic agents and the role of VEGF in cancer biology. We have developed a novel radiotracer for use with positron emission tomography (PET) that enables noninvasive imaging of VEGF.

Assessment of proliferation in vivo using 2-[(11)C]thymidine positron emission tomography in advanced intra-abdominal malignancies.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between 2-[(11)C]thymidine positron emission tomography (PET) in vivo-derived parameters and the ex vivo Ki-67 index of proliferation in human tumors. The study comprised 17 treatment-naïve patients with advanced intra-abdominal malignancies. Tumor thymidine kinetics were measured using 2-[(11)C]thymidine PET.