Thermal modeling of electrically-pumped continuous-wave microring resonator-based topological insulator lasers.

Deleterious effects caused by Joule heating in electrically-pumped continuous-wave InP-based topological insulator lasers based on two-dimensional microring resonator arrays are estimated in this theoretical study. Steady-state temperature distributions within such an array are developed using a full numerical solution. Thermal interactions between active gain regions and ring resonators pose significant operational and integration challenges, as these devices are extremely sensitive to temperature-induced changes in a material's index of refraction.

Choice behavior of nonpathological women playing concurrently available slot machines: effect of changes in payback percentages.

In a simulated casino environment, 6 nonpathological women played concurrently available commercial slot machines programmed to pay out at different rates. Participants did not always demonstrate preferences for the higher paying machine. The data suggest that factors other than programmed or obtained rate of reinforcement may control gambling behavior, which should encourage behavior analysts to look beyond direct, contingency-driven explanations of gambling.