On-Chip Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements Using a Compact 1024-Electrode CMOS IC.

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) microelectrode arrays integrate amplifier arrays with on-chip electrodes, offering high-throughput platforms for electrochemical sensing with high spatial and temporal resolution. Such devices have been developed for highly parallel constant voltage amperometric detection of transmitter release from multiple cells with single-vesicle resolution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical method that applies voltage waveforms, which provides additional information about electrode properties and about the nature of analytes.

Single-Cell Recording of Vesicle Release From Human Neuroblastoma Cells Using 1024-ch Monolithic CMOS Bioelectronics.

Human neuroblastoma cells, SH-SY5Y, are often used as a neuronal model to study Parkinson's disease and dopamine release in the substantia nigra, a midbrain region that plays an important role in motor control. Using amperometric single-cell recordings of single vesicle release events, we can study molecular manipulations of dopamine release and gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of neurological diseases. However, single-cell analysis of neurotransmitter release using traditional techniques yields results with very low throughput.

A Bidirectional-Current CMOS Potentiostat for Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Detector Arrays.

A potentiostat circuit for the application of bipolar electrode voltages and detection of bidirectional currents using a microelectrode array is presented. The potentiostat operates as a regulated-cascode amplifier for positive input currents, and as an active-input regulated-cascode mirror for negative input currents. This topology enables constant-potential amperometry and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at microelectrode arrays for parallel recording of quantal release events, electrode impedance characterization, and high-throughput drug screening.

Asynchronous binaural spatial audition sensor with 2 × 64 × 4 channel output.

This paper proposes an integrated event-based binaural silicon cochlea system aimed at efficient spatial audition and auditory scene analysis. The cochlea chip has a matched pair of digitally-calibrated 64-stage cascaded analog second-order filter banks with 512 pulse-frequency modulated (PFM) address-event representation (AER) outputs. The quality factors (Qs) of channels are individually adjusted by local DACs.

Parallel recording of neurotransmitters release from chromaffin cells using a 10×10 CMOS IC potentiostat array with on-chip working electrodes.

Neurotransmitter release is modulated by many drugs and molecular manipulations. We present an active CMOS-based electrochemical biosensor array with high throughput capability (100 electrodes) for on-chip amperometric measurement of neurotransmitter release. The high-throughput of the biosensor array will accelerate the data collection needed to determine statistical significance of changes produced under varying conditions, from several weeks to a few hours.

Post-CMOS fabrication of Working Electrodes for On-Chip Recordings of Transmitter Release.

The release of neurotransmitters and hormones from secretory vesicles plays a fundamental role in the function of the nervous system including neuronal communication. High-throughput testing of drugs modulating transmitter release is becoming an increasingly important area in the fields of cell biology, neurobiology, and neurology. Carbon-fiber amperometry, provides high-resolution measurements of amount and time course of transmitter release from single vesicles, and their modulation by drugs and molecular manipulations.

Design of a CMOS Potentiostat Circuit for Electrochemical Detector Arrays.

High-throughput electrode arrays are required for advancing devices for testing the effect of drugs on cellular function. In this paper, we present design criteria for a potentiostat circuit that is capable of measuring transient amperometric oxidation currents at the surface of an electrode with submillisecond time resolution and picoampere current resolution. The potentiostat is a regulated cascode stage in which a high-gain amplifier maintains the electrode voltage through a negative feedback loop.