Learning in Crisis: Training students to monitor and address irresponsible knowledge construction by U.S. federal agencies under Trump.

Immediately after President Trump's inauguration, U.S. federal science agencies began deleting information about climate change from their websites, triggering alarm among scientists, environmental activists, and journalists about the administration's attempt to suppress information about climate change and promulgate climate denialism.

Achieving a transparent, actionable framework for public-private partnerships for food and nutrition research.

Officers and other representatives of more than a dozen food-, nutrition-, and health-related scientific societies and organizations, food industry scientists, and staff of the USDA, the CDC, the Food and Drug Administration, and the NIH convened on 8 December 2014 in Washington, DC, to reach a consensus among individuals participating on guiding principles for the development of research-oriented, food- and nutrition-related public-private partnerships. During the daylong working meeting, participants discussed and revised 12 previously published guidelines to ensure integrity in the conduct of food and nutrition research collaborations among public, nonprofit, and private sectors. They agreed to reconvene periodically to reassess the public-private partnership principles.

Effect of continuous versus interrupted administration of nitrous oxide-oxygen inhalation on behavior of anxious pediatric dental patients: a pilot study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of interrupted administration of nitrous oxide (N2O) inhalation, after obtaining profound local anesthesia, on the behavior of mild to moderately anxious pediatric patients during routine restorative dentistry.

Study Design: Healthy children, 5 to 8 years old, requiring nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation and bilateral mandibular restorative treatment performed in two sequential appointments under local anesthesia were recruited for this study. After profoundness of the local anesthesia was confirmed, the subject was randomly assigned to either Protocol A (50% N2O/50% O2) or Protocol B (100% O2) and restorative dental care was completed.

"All the money in the world …" patient perspectives regarding the influence of financial incentives.

Objective: To analyze patient perspectives of the use of financial incentives in a hypertension intervention. Study Setting. Twelve Veterans Affairs primary care clinics over a 9-month period.

Part I, patient perspective: activating patients to engage their providers in the use of evidence-based medicine: a qualitative evaluation of the VA Project to Implement Diuretics (VAPID).

Background: This qualitative evaluation follows a randomized-control trial of a patient activation intervention in which hypertensive patients received a letter in the mail asking them to discuss thiazide diuretics with their provider. Results of the parent study indicated that the intervention was effective at facilitating discussions between patients and providers and enhancing thiazide prescribing rates. In the research presented here, our objective was to interview patients to determine their receptivity to patient activation, a potential leverage point for implementing interventions.

Role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in the regulatory management of human listeriosis in the United States.

From 1986 to 2006, the incidence of listeriosis in the United States dropped from approximately seven to three cases per million population, a reduction that most likely reflects the joint efforts of industry, government, consumers, and academia. Herein, we describe the U.S.

Detection and enumeration of Salmonella enteritidis in homemade ice cream associated with an outbreak: comparison of conventional and real-time PCR methods.

Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a significant cause of foodborne illnesses in the United States. Consumption of undercooked eggs and egg-containing products has been the primary risk factor for the disease. The importance of the bacterial enumeration technique has been enormously stressed because of the quantitative risk analysis of SE in shell eggs.

Optimization of ferrioxamine E concentration as effective supplementation for selective isolation of Salmonella enteritidis in egg white.

Utilization of ferrioxamine E (FE) as a sole source of iron distinguishes Salmonella from a number of related species, including Escherichia coli. FE is not able to serve as a source of iron for E. coli or the Proteus-Providencia-Morganella group.

Efficacy of electrolyzed water in inactivating Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on shell eggs.

The efficacy of acidic electrolyzed (EO) water produced at three levels of total available chlorine (16, 41, and 77 mg/ liter) and chlorinated water with 45 and 200 mg/liter of residual chlorine was investigated for inactivating Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on shell eggs. An increasing reduction in Listeria population was observed with increasing chlorine concentration from 16 to 77 mg/liter and treatment time from 1 to 5 min, resulting in a maximal reduction of 3.70 log CFU per shell egg compared with a deionized water wash for 5 min.

Rapid, specific detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in infant formula using a real-time PCR assay.

Enterobacter sakazakii is a rare cause of invasive infection with high mortality rates in neonates. Powdered milk-based infant formulas have been associated with the E. sakazakii-related outbreaks in premature or other immunocompromised infants.

Rapid, specific detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in pooled eggs by real-time PCR.

An assay was developed for the specific detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in eggs with the use of an application of the fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay (TaqMan). In this assay, a segment of the gene sefA specific to Salmonella group D strains such as Salmonella Enteritidis was used. The amplification of the target gene products was monitored in real-time by incorporating a fluorescent dye-labeled gene-specific probe in the PCR reaction.

Preenrichment versus direct selective agar plating for the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in shell eggs.

The relative effectiveness of two methods for the recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) from jumbo and medium shell eggs was compared. The first method used in the comparison consisted of a preenrichment of the sample, and the second method was developed by the U.S.

Comparison of homogenization methods for recovering Salmonella Enteritidis from eggs.

For Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) detection, shell eggs have been homogenized with stomachers, with electric blenders, and by hand massaging. However, to date, there have been no published reports addressing whether the method of homogenization affects the recovery of SE from raw eggs. Three inoculum levels (10, 126, and 256 SE cells per pool of 10 eggs) were used to conduct three experiments.

Evaluation of antibodies for immunomagnetic separation combined with flow cytometry detection of Listeria monocytogenes.

Four polyclonal anti-Listeria antibodies were evaluated for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in direct and indirect assays using immunomagnetic separation with flow cytometry. The efficiency of immunocapturing using magnetic beads was also determined. None of the tested antibodies exhibited sufficient specificity or avidity to allow sufficient separation and detection of L.

Polymerase chain reaction detection of Listeria monocytogenes on frankfurters using oligonucleotide primers targeting the genes encoding internalin AB.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the genes encoding internalin AB (inlAB) was developed for detecting Listeria monocytogenes in pure cell cultures and on artificially contaminated frankfurters. Four sets of oligonucleotide primers were evaluated. The set targeting a 902-bp region of the inlAB gene was the most specific.

Efficacy of electrolyzed oxidizing water in inactivating Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts.

Studies have demonstrated that electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water is effective in reducing foodborne pathogens on fresh produce. This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of EO water and two different forms of chlorinated water (chlorine water from Cl2 and Ca(OCl)2 as sources of chlorine) in inactivating Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. Tengram sets of alfalfa seeds inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of Salmonella (6.

Nonhuman primate model for Listeria monocytogenes-induced stillbirths.

Listeria monocytogenes, isolated from outbreaks in either human or nonhuman primate populations, was administered orally at doses ranging from 10(6) to 10(10) CFU. Four of 10 treated animals delivered stillborn infants. L.

Mucosal humoral immunity to experimental Salmonella enteritidis infection in the chicken crop.

In this report, we show that chickens, infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) by oral gavage, produce secretory immunoglobulin As (sIgAs) that specifically bind to numerous SE antigens. Chickens infected with SE showed strong sIgA response against flagella in both bile and crop. The optical density values of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests in positive bile and crop were 1.

Evidence of association of salmonellae with tomato plants grown hydroponically in inoculated nutrient solution.

The possibility of uptake of salmonellae by roots of hydroponically grown tomato plants was investigated. Within 1 day of exposure of plant roots to Hoagland nutrient solution containing 4.46 to 4.

Mild heat treatment of lettuce enhances growth of Listeria monocytogenes during subsequent storage at 5 degrees C or 15 degrees C.

Aims: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of mild heat treatment, storage temperature and storage time on the survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto cut iceberg lettuce leaves.

Methods And Results: Before or after inoculation with L. monocytogenes, cut iceberg lettuce leaves were dipped in water (20 or 50 degrees C) containing or not 20 mg l(-1) chlorine, for 90 s, then stored at 5 degrees C for up to 18 days or 15 degrees C for up to 7 days.

Survival of Salmonella on tomatoes stored at high relative humidity, in soil, and on tomatoes in contact with soil.

Salmonellosis has been linked to the consumption of several types of raw fruits and vegetables, some of which may have been contaminated with Salmonella before harvesting. The objectives of this study were to investigate water and soil as reservoirs of Salmonella for the contamination of mature green tomato fruits. Salmonella survived for at least 45 days in inoculated moist soil.

Antimicrobial effect of electrolyzed water for inactivating Campylobacter jejuni during poultry washing.

The effectiveness of electrolyzed (EO) water for killing Campylobacter jejuni on poultry was evaluated. Complete inactivation of C. jejuni in pure culture occurred within 10 s after exposure to EO or chlorinated water, both of which contained 50 mg/l of residual chlorine.

Survival of salmonellae on and in tomato plants from the time of inoculation at flowering and early stages of fruit development through fruit ripening.

The fate of salmonellae applied to tomato plants was investigated. Five Salmonella serotypes were used to inoculate tomato plants before and after fruits set, either by injecting stems with inoculum or brushing flowers with it. Ripe tomato fruits were subjected to microbiological analysis.

Thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella spp. within intact eggs heated using humidity-controlled air.

The heat resistance of six strains of Salmonella (including Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium) in liquid whole egg and shell eggs was determined. Decimal reduction times (D-values) of each of the six strains were determined in liquid whole egg heated at 56.7 degrees C within glass capillary tubes immersed in a water bath.