Cytokine Profiling in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Newly Diagnosed Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS): Associations between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Disease Activity.

Cytokines regulate immune responses and are crucial to MS pathogenesis. This study evaluated pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the CSF of de novo diagnosed RRMS patients compared to healthy controls. We assessed cytokine levels in the CSF of 118 de novo diagnosed RRMS patients and 112 controls, analyzing relationships with time from symptom onset to diagnosis, MRI lesions, and serum vitamin D levels.

Headache in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.

: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system characterized by autoimmune-mediated damage to oligodendrocytes and subsequent myelin destruction. : Clinically, the disease presents with many symptoms, often evolving over time. The insidious onset of MS often manifests with non-specific symptoms (prodromal phase), which may precede a clinical diagnosis by several years.

The Comparison of the Selected Parameters of Brain Injury and Interleukins in the CSF in Patients Diagnosed De Novo with RRMS Compared to the Control Group.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the different phenotypes of the disease and non-specific symptoms of MS, there is a great need for a validated panel of biomarkers to facilitate the diagnosis, predict disease progression, and evaluate treatment outcomes.

Methods: We determined the levels of the parameters of brain injury (NF-H, GPAF, S100B, and UCHL1) and the selected cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 101 patients diagnosed de novo with RRMS and 75 healthy controls.

COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases of the nervous system - an update.

Introduction: Due to a similar pathomechanism, COVID-19 infection may significantly affect the course of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). In our review, we aimed to assess the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, response to treatment, and the impact of COVID-19 infection on the course of the underlying disease in patients with neuroimmune diseases.

State Of The Art: In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was important to determine the influence of COVID-19 infection on the course of autoimmune diseases due to the weakened immune system and immunosuppressive therapies.

The comparative analysis of selected interleukins and proinflammatory factors in CSF among de novo diagnosed patients with RRMS.

Objectives: Cytokines play a key role in neuroinflammation, which is present in every subset of multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of the study was to assess levels of selected interleukins and proinflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) among patients diagnosed with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS).

Methods: One hundred eighteen patients diagnosed de novo with RRMS were enrolled in the study.

The Rate of Hospitalization of Pregnant Women with Multiple Sclerosis in Poland.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is most often diagnosed in women of childbearing age. Therefore, it is important to examine the impact of pregnancy on the course of MS and to enable patients to make decisions about motherhood based on reliable data. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of pregnancy on the course of MS by comparing the frequency of MS-related hospitalizations during pregnancy and 40 weeks postpartum versus 40 weeks before pregnancy.

Bilateral paralysis of peroneal nerve after COVID-19 disease: a case report.

Background: COVID-19, caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV 2 has rapidly developed into pandemic. This infectious disease affecting mainly respiratory system may cause multiple systemic disorders. With increasing number of new infected patients there are more and more cases with neurological complications secondary to COVID-19.

Multiple sclerosis immunomodulatory therapies tested for effectiveness in COVID-19.

Introduction: The global pandemic of COVID-19 began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Research into effective therapies has been conducted worldwide. Currently, there is no antiviral treatment and many patients develop a severe course of the disease, including severe respiratory failure.

The course of COVID-19 infection in patients with multiple sclerosis-The experience of one center based on the population of Upper Silesia.

Background: It is suspected that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at greater risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection due to disability and immunotherapy. The relationship between MS and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is uncertain. The aim of the study was to collect and analyze this relationship.

Modified Rio Score with Platform Therapy Predicts Treatment Success with Fingolimod and Natalizumab in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients.

Background: Reliable markers of disease outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS) would help to predict the response to treatment in patients treated with high efficacy drugs. No evidence of disease activity (NEDA) has become a treatment goal whereas the modified Rio score (MRS) predicts future suboptimal responders to treatment. The aim of our study was to identify factors that would predict poor response to treatment with natalizumab and fingolimod.

The Most Common Lesions Detected by Neuroimaging as Causes of Epilepsy.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by chronic, unprovoked and recurrent seizures, which are the result of rapid and excessive bioelectric discharges in nerve cells. Neuroimaging is used to detect underlying structural abnormalities which may be associated with epilepsy. This paper reviews the most common abnormalities, such as hippocampal sclerosis, malformations of cortical development and vascular malformation, detected by neuroimaging in patients with epilepsy to help understand the correlation between these changes and the course, treatment and prognosis of epilepsy.

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis - from neuropathology to definition and effective treatment.

Introduction: There is no single, commonly accepted, standard definition of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), an absence that poses a challenge for clinicians.

State Of The Art: SPMS is characterised by inflammation, neurodegeneration and disease progression with the presence or absence of relapses. No biochemical or radiological biomarkers are currently available to indicate the precise secondary progressive course in individual patients.

Evaluation of serum human epididymis protein 4 in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Background: So far, little is known about the properties of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) in multiple sclerosis (MS). This type 4 glycoprotein belongs to a family of genes encoding proteins whose expression is associated with the process of spermatogenesis in the epididymis. The biological function of HE4 is not fully understood.

Are antioxidant parameters in serum altered in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with II-line immunomodulatory therapy?

So far little has been known about antioxidant properties of immunomodulatory drugs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant status in serum of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients treated with II-line immunomodulatory therapy compared to de novo diagnosed patients, subjects treated with interferon (IFN) beta and healthy controls. We analyzed the relationships depending on the gender, age, disease duration, the Expanded Disability Status Scale, the annualised relapse rate, and MRI lesions in patients treated with II-line.

The Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Parameters in Serum Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Treated with II-Line Immunomodulatory Therapy.

Objectives: The assessment of oxidative stress (OS) in serum relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with II-line immunomodulatory therapy (fingolimod, natalizumab) compared to newly diagnosed patients (de novo group) treated with interferon (IFN) beta and controls. The relationship between OS parameters and gender, age, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale, annualized relapse rate, MRI lesions in patients treated with II-line.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and twenty-one patients with RRMS were enrolled in the study.

New Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an inflammatory process and demyelination. The etiology of the disease is still not fully understood. Therefore, finding new etiological factors is of such crucial importance.

Oral delivery of macromolecules: rationale underpinning Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancement Technology (GIPET).

Oral delivery of macromolecular drugs, particularly peptides and proteins, is the focus of many academic and industrial laboratories. Armed with an increased understanding of the structure and regulation of intestinal epithelial junctional complexes of the paracellular barrier, the development of permeation enhancement technology initially focused on the specific and reversible opening of tight junctions in order to enable oral delivery. Despite intense research, none of these specific tight junction-opening technologies has yet been approved in an oral drug product, likely because of poor efficacy.

A novel approach to crystallisation of nanodispersible microparticles by spray drying for improved tabletability.

High-dose API powders which are to be tableted by direct compression should have high compactibility and compressibility. This note reports on a novel approach to the manufacture of crystalline powders intended for direct compaction with improved compactibility and compressibility properties. The poorly compactable API, chlorothiazide, was spray dried from a water/acetone solvent mix producing additive-free nanocrystalline microparticles (NCMPs) of median particle size 3.

Large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis with neutropenia: a case report.

A case of large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis with neutropenia was studied as evidenced by peripheral lymphocytosis of cells having typical morphology and profound neutropenia. Surface markers analysis revealed that almost all cells were CD8+ and their subpopulation DR+. The cells had strong spontaneous and inducible suppressor functions in vitro.