Mechanisms of Phytoremediation by Resveratrol against Cadmium Toxicity.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity poses a significant threat to human health and the environment due to its widespread occurrence and persistence. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards exploring natural compounds with potential protective effects against Cd-induced toxicity. Among these compounds, resveratrol (RV) has emerged as a promising candidate, demonstrating a range of beneficial effects attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Beta-Caryophyllene Modifies Intracellular Lipid Composition in a Cell Model of Hepatic Steatosis by Acting through CB2 and PPAR Receptors.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease; however, no specific pharmacological therapy has yet been approved for this condition. Plant-derived extracts can be an important source for the development of new drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of (E)-β-caryophyllene (BCP), a phytocannabinoid recently found to be beneficial against metabolic diseases, on HepG2 steatotic hepatocytes.

Reproducibility of adipogenic responses to metabolism disrupting chemicals in the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte model system: An interlaboratory study.

The 3T3-L1 murine pre-adipocyte line is an established cell culture model for screening Metabolism Disrupting Chemicals (MDCs). Despite a need to accurately identify MDCs for further evaluation, relatively little research has been performed to comprehensively evaluate reproducibility across laboratories, assess factors that might contribute to varying degrees of differentiation between laboratories (media additives, plastics, cell source, etc.), or to standardize protocols.

Cannabinoid Receptor Modulation of Neurogenesis: ST14A Striatal Neural Progenitor Cells as a Simplified In Vitro Model.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in the modulation of several basic biological processes, having widespread roles in neurodevelopment, neuromodulation, immune response, energy homeostasis and reproduction. In the adult central nervous system (CNS) the ECS mainly modulates neurotransmitter release, however, a substantial body of evidence has revealed a central role in regulating neurogenesis in developing and adult CNS, also under pathological conditions. Due to the complexity of investigating ECS functions in neural progenitors in vivo, we tested the suitability of the ST14A striatal neural progenitor cell line as a simplified in vitro model to dissect the role and the mechanisms of ECS-regulated neurogenesis, as well as to perform ECS-targeted pharmacological approaches.

Protective Effects of ()-β-Caryophyllene (BCP) in Chronic Inflammation.

()-β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a bicyclic sesquiterpene widely distributed in the plant kingdom, where it contributes a unique aroma to essential oils and has a pivotal role in the survival and evolution of higher plants. Recent studies provided evidence for protective roles of BCP in animal cells, highlighting its possible use as a novel therapeutic tool. Experimental results show the ability of BCP to reduce pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), thus ameliorating chronic pathologies characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress, in particular metabolic and neurological diseases.

PipeNig-FL, a Fluid Extract of Black Pepper ( L.) with a High Standardized Content of -β-Caryophyllene, Reduces Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and Improves Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes.

-β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural sesquiterpene hydrocarbon with several important pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and cardioprotective functions. These properties are mainly due to its selective interaction with the peripherally expressed cannabinoid receptor 2. In addition, BCP activates peroxisome proliferated activator receptors α and γ and inhibits the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Bisphenol A Activates Calcium Influx in Immortalized GnRH Neurons.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely used chemicals worldwide, e.g., as a component of plastic containers for food and water.

Plasticizers used in food-contact materials affect adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.

Recent studies suggest that exposure to some plasticizers, such as Bisphenol A (BPA), play a role in endocrine/metabolic dispruption and can affect lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Here, we investigated the adipogenic activity and nuclear receptor interactions of four plasticizers approved for the manufacturing of food-contact materials (FCMs) and currently considered safer alternatives. Differentiating 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes were exposed to scalar concentrations (0.

Correction to: Parma consensus statement on metabolic disruptors.

After publication of the article [1], it has been brought to our attention that the thirteenth author of this article has had their name spelt incorrectly. In the original article the spelling "Laura Rizzir" was used. In fact the correct spelling should be "Laura Rizzi".

Parma consensus statement on metabolic disruptors.

A multidisciplinary group of experts gathered in Parma Italy for a workshop hosted by the University of Parma, May 16-18, 2014 to address concerns about the potential relationship between environmental metabolic disrupting chemicals, obesity and related metabolic disorders. The objectives of the workshop were to: 1. Review findings related to the role of environmental chemicals, referred to as "metabolic disruptors", in obesity and metabolic syndrome with special attention to recent discoveries from animal model and epidemiology studies; 2.

Endocannabinoids are Involved in Male Vertebrate Reproduction: Regulatory Mechanisms at Central and Gonadal Level.

Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are natural lipids regulating a large array of physiological functions and behaviors in vertebrates. The eCB system is highly conserved in evolution and comprises several specific receptors (type-1 and type-2 cannabinoid receptors), their endogenous ligands (e.g.

Role of the endocannabinoid system in the central regulation of nonmammalian vertebrate reproduction.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has a well-documented pivotal role in the control of mammalian reproductive functions, by acting at multiple levels, that is, central (CNS) and local (gonads) levels. Since studies performed in animal models other than mammals might provide further insight into the biology of these signalling molecules, in the present paper we review the comparative data pointing toward the endocannabinoid involvement in the reproductive control of non-mammalian vertebrates, focussing in particular on the central regulation of teleost and amphibian reproduction. The morphofunctional distribution of brain cannabinoid receptors will be discussed in relation to other crucial signalling molecules involved in the control of reproductive functions, such as GnRH, dopamine, aromatase, and pituitary gonadotropins.

Cannabinoid receptors are widely expressed in goldfish: molecular cloning of a CB2-like receptor and evaluation of CB1 and CB2 mRNA expression profiles in different organs.

Cannabinoids, the bioactive constituents of Cannabis sativa, and endocannabinoids, among which the most important are anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, control various biological processes by binding to specific G protein-coupled receptors, namely CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. While a vast amount of information on the mammalian endocannabinoid system does exist, few data have been reported on bony fish. In the goldfish, Carassius auratus, the CB1 receptor has been cloned and its distribution has been analyzed in the retina, brain and gonads, while CB2 had not yet been isolated.

Neuregulin1/ErbB4-induced migration in ST14A striatal progenitors: calcium-dependent mechanisms and modulation by NMDA receptor activation.

Background: A number of studies have separately shown that the neuregulin1 (NRG1)/ErbB4 system and NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are involved in several aspects of neuronal migration. In addition, intracellular calcium fluctuations play central roles in neuronal motility. Stable expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB4 promotes migratory activity in the neural progenitor cell line ST14A upon NRG1 stimulation.

Developmental regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 splice variants in olfactory bulb mitral cells.

Alternative splicing of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) receptor gene generates two major receptor isoforms, mGluR1a and mGluR1b, differing in intracellular function and distribution. However, little is known on the expression profiles of these variants during development. We examined the mRNA expression profile of mGluR1a/b in microdissected layers and acutely isolated mitral cells in the developing mouse olfactory bulb.

Methamphetamine induces ectopic expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and increases noradrenaline levels within the cerebellar cortex.

Methamphetamine produces locomotor activation and typical stereotyped motor patterns, which are commonly related with increased catecholamine activity within the basal ganglia, including the dorsal and ventral striatum. Since the cerebellum is critical for movement control, and for learning of motor patterns, we hypothesized that cerebellar catecholamines might be a target of methamphetamine. To test this experimental hypothesis we injected methamphetamine into C57 Black mice at the doses of 5 mg/kg two or three times, 2 h apart.

Subventricular zone-derived neuroblast migration to the olfactory bulb is modulated by matrix remodelling.

In the rodent brain neural progenitor cells are born in the subventricular zone and migrate along a pathway called the rostral migratory stream (RMS) into the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into several classes of interneurones. In the adult, tangential migration in the RMS takes place in 'chains' of cells contained within glial tubes. In contrast, neonatal neuroblasts along the RMS lack these defined glial tubes and chains, migrating instead as individual cells.

Differential expression of neuregulins and their receptors in the olfactory bulb layers of the developing mouse.

Neuregulins (NRGs), and their cognate receptors (ErbBs), play essential roles in numerous aspects of neural development and adult synaptic plasticity. The goal of this study was to investigate the developmental expression profiles of these molecules during the olfactory bulb (OB) maturation. The OB is a highly organized structure with cell types and synaptic connections segregated into discrete anatomical layers.

GABAergic phenotypic differentiation of a subpopulation of subventricular derived migrating progenitors.

Olfactory bulb interneurons are continuously generated throughout development and in adulthood. These neurons are born in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and migrate along the rostral migratory stream into the olfactory bulb where they differentiate into local interneurons. To investigate the differentiation of GABAergic interneurons of the olfactory bulb we used a transgenic mouse which expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 kDa (GAD65) promoter.

ErbB-4 and neuregulin expression in the adult mouse olfactory bulb after peripheral denervation.

ErbB-4 is expressed by the periglomerular and the mitral/tufted cells of the adult mouse olfactory bulb (OB) and in the present work we tested whether this expression is regulated by the olfactory nerve input to the OB. Reversible zinc sulphate lesions of the olfactory mucosa were made in adult mice and the deafferented OB analysed by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and semiquantitative RT-PCR. Following deafferentation, the expression of erbB-4, erbB-2 and neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) mRNAs in the OB was altered.

Transregulation of erbB expression in the mouse olfactory bulb.

Previously, we have shown that erbB-3 expression is restricted to the ensheathing cells of the olfactory nerve layer, while erbB-4 is found in the periglomerular and mitral/tufted cells of the olfactory bulb and in cells coming out from the rostral migratory stream of the subependymal layer. In the present work, we have treated adult mice with zinc sulfate intranasal irrigation and analyzed erbB-3 and erbB-4 expression in the deafferented olfactory bulb. Following treatment, olfactory axons undergo degeneration, as indicated by the loss of OMP expression in the deafferented olfactory bulb.