Understanding Policy Decisions and Their Implications Regarding Preventive Interventions for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection in Canadian Infants: A Primer for Nurses.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and hospitalization in young children, and prevention is the primary management strategy. At present, palivizumab, a monoclonal antibody providing immediate passive immunity, rather than a vaccine that induces active immunity, is the only preventive intervention used in routine practice internationally. In Canada, access varies across the country.

A new cost-utility analysis assessing risk factor-guided prophylaxis with palivizumab for the prevention of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in Italian infants born at 29-35 weeks' gestational age.

Since the last Italian cost-utility assessment of palivizumab in 2009, new data on the burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and an International Risk Scoring Tool (IRST) have become available. The objective of this study was to provide an up-to-date cost-utility assessment of palivizumab versus no prophylaxis for the prevention of severe RSV infection in otherwise healthy Italian infants born at 29-31 weeks' gestational age (wGA) infants and those 32-35wGA infants categorized as either moderate- or high-risk of RSV-hospitalization (RSVH) by the IRST. A decision tree was constructed in which infants received palivizumab or no prophylaxis and then could experience: i) RSVH; ii) emergency room medically-attended RSV-infection (MARI); or, iii) remain uninfected/non-medically attended.

Impact of using the International Risk Scoring Tool on the cost-utility of palivizumab for preventing severe respiratory syncytial virus infection in Canadian moderate-to-late preterm infants.

Background And Objective: To assess the cost-utility of palivizumab no prophylaxis in preventing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in Canadian moderate-to-late preterm (32-35 weeks' gestational age) infants using an (i) International Risk Scoring Tool (IRST) and (ii) Canadian RST (CRST).

Methods: A decision tree was developed to assess cost-utility. Infants assessed at moderate- and high-risk of RSV-related hospitalization (RSVH) by the IRST or CRST received palivizumab or no prophylaxis and then progressed to either (i) RSVH; (ii) emergency room/outpatient medically attended RSV-infection (MARI) or (iii) were uninfected/non-medically attended.

Identifying the research, advocacy, policy and implementation needs for the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: The high burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in young children disproportionately occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The PROUD (Preventing RespiratOry syncytial virUs in unDerdeveloped countries) Taskforce of 24 RSV worldwide experts assessed key needs for RSV prevention in LMICs, including vaccine and newer preventive measures.

Methods: A global, survey-based study was undertaken in 2021.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunoprophylaxis with Palivizumab: 12-Year Observational Study of Usage and Outcomes in Canada.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate palivizumab (PVZ) use, trends in indications, and outcomes of respiratory illness hospitalizations (RIH) and respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations (RSVH).

Study Design: It involves a large, Canadian prospective (2005-2017) observational multicenter study of children at high risk for RSV infection.

Results: A total of 25,003 infants (56.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis in Immunocompromised Children: Outcomes From the Canadian RSV Evaluation Study of Palivizumab Registry Over Twelve Seasons (2005-2017).

Background: Immunocompromised children are at increased risk for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection with associated morbidity and mortality. Prophylaxis is usually provided to these children on a case-by-case basis.

Methods: Immunocompromised children who received ≥1 injection of palivizumab were prospectively enrolled across 32 Canadian sites, between 2005 and 2017, during the RSV season.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prophylaxis in Neurologic and Muscular Disorders in the Canadian Respiratory Syncytial Virus Evaluation Study of Palivizumab.

Background: This study aimed to examine the risk of respiratory-related hospitalization in children with neurologic and muscular disorders (NMDs) who received respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis in the Canadian RSV Evaluation Study of Palivizumab.

Methods: Canadian RSV Evaluation Study of Palivizumab is a prospective registry of children who received ≥1 palivizumab injection among 32 Canadian sites. Demographic data were collected at enrollment, and respiratory events were documented monthly.

Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization and incurred morbidities the season after prophylaxis.

Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence and incurred morbidities of Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalization (RSVH), the season following completion of prophylaxis.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted of all infants enrolled in a prophylaxis clinic in one institution during the 2009 to 2014 RSV seasons. RSV infection was identified by Diseases codes and confirmed by RSV-positivity.

Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children with Down Syndrome Less than 2 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives: To compare the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-related hospitalization rate, hospital length of stay (LOS), and need for assisted ventilation in children aged <2 years with Down syndrome and those without Down syndrome.

Study Design: MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched from inception up to December 2017. Studies that provided data on RSV-related hospitalization in children aged <2 years with Down syndrome and those without Down syndrome were included.

Global respiratory syncytial virus-associated mortality in young children (RSV GOLD): a retrospective case series.

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of pneumonia mortality in young children. However, clinical data for fatal RSV infection are scarce. We aimed to identify clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of children aged younger than 5 years with RSV-related mortality using individual patient data.

Comparing First- and Second-year Palivizumab Prophylaxis in Patients With Hemodynamically Significant Congenital Heart Disease in the CARESS Database (2005-2015).

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization (RSVH) rates in children <2 years of age with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (HSCHD) are 2- to 4-fold higher compared with healthy term infants. Pediatric recommendations differ as to whether palivizumab is beneficial beyond 1 year of age. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences exist in respiratory-related illness hospitalization (RIH) and RSVH in HSCHD infants receiving palivizumab during the first year versus second year of life in the Canadian Registry of Palivizumab.

Patent foramen ovale and stroke in childhood: A systematic review of the literature.

Background: Stroke in association with a patent foramen ovale (PFO) may be due to paradoxical embolization via a right to left intracardiac shunt but the exact contribution of PFO to stroke or stroke recurrence in childhood remains unclear.

Methods: To review the relationship of a PFO with stroke, and evaluate associated co-morbidities. An electronic database literature search of Pubmed, Cochrane and EMBASE was performed from January 2000-December 2014.

The association of platelets with failed patent ductus arteriosus closure after a primary course of indomethacin or ibuprofen: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To conduct a meta-analysis of the association of platelet counts and pharmacotherapeutic failure in preterms with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index, abstracts and conference proceedings were searched, and principal authors contacted. Included studies reported indomethacin or ibuprofen use for PDA closure, compared a group which failed treatment versus a group which did not and reported the association between platelet counts and indomethacin or ibuprofen failure.

How to use unfractionated heparin to treat neonatal thrombosis in clinical practice.

Among children, neonates have the highest incidence of thrombosis due to risk factors such as catheter instrumentation, an evolving coagulation system and congenital heart disease. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) is one of the most commonly used anticoagulants in neonates. Published guidelines delineate dosing and monitoring protocols for UFH therapy in newborns.

Neonatal central venous catheter thrombosis: diagnosis, management and outcome.

Thrombotic occlusion of central venous catheters (CVCs) is a common problem in newborns. There is no guideline that systematically addresses the diagnosis, management, and prevention of this complication. The objective of this review is to establish evidence-based guidance for the management of CVC-related thrombosis.

The real-life effectiveness of palivizumab for reducing hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus in infants residing in Nunavut.

Unlabelled: BACKGROUND⁄

Objective: Nunavut has the highest hospitalization rates for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) worldwide, with rates of 166 per 1000 live births per year <1 year of age. Palivizumab was implemented in Nunavut primarily for premature infants, or those with hemodynamically significant cardiac or chronic lung disease; however, the effectiveness of the program is unknown. The objective of the present multisite, hospital-based surveillance study was to estimate the effectiveness of palivizumab in infants <6 months of age in Nunavut for the 2009 and 2010 RSV seasons.

Spontaneous neonatal arterial thromboembolism: infants at risk, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes.

Neonatal spontaneous arterial thromboembolism is a rare phenomenon with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is little information regarding common risk factors, diagnostic strategies, therapeutic interventions, and outcomes of this condition. The objective was to nucleate the best evidence regarding the disorder in order to facilitate early detection and treatment recommendations and document adverse outcomes.

Seasonal respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis based on predetermined dates versus regional surveillance data.

Background: In Ontario, Canada, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prophylaxis period onset is defined by a fixed-date set provincially each year and offset by local hospital RSV admission activity. Inaccurate timing can result in inadequate or more costly prophylaxis.

Methods: RSV positivity (2002/03 to 2010/11) was obtained from a local database.

Diagnosis and treatment of intracranial hemorrhage in children with hemophilia.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a significant complication for children with hemophilia. Identifying risk factors may allow us to establish clinically relevant guidelines for the diagnosis and management of ICH. The purpose of this review is to nucleate evidence from the available literature on the incidence, risk factors, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of ICH that can be utilized to develop a clinically useful framework for the diagnosis and management of hemophiliac patients with the condition.

Neonatal and infant pulmonary thromboembolism: a literature review.

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is rare in neonates and infants; however evidence suggests it is underdiagnosed. The primary objective is to conduct a scientific review to determine if the presentation, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of neonates and infants with PTE are consistent across studies. Secondly, to develop an algorithm to establish the diagnosis and management of the condition based on current information.

Perceived barriers to the implementation of a baby friendly initiative in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Objectives: To collect data about perceptions and attitudes regarding breastfeeding in the local community and is intended as the first phase prior to the implementation of the baby friendly initiative (BFI).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the International Medical Center, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between April 2011 and June 2011, using a structured and closed-ended questionnaire.

Results: One hundred and twenty women responded (100% response rate) in the study.

Molecular evolution of respiratory syncytial virus fusion gene, Canada, 2006-2010.

To assess molecular evolution of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion gene, we analyzed RSV-positive specimens from 123 children in Canada who did or did not receive RSV immunoprophylaxis (palivizumab) during 2006-2010. Resistance-conferring mutations within the palivizumab binding site occurred in 8.7% of palivizumab recipients and none of the nonrecipients.