[Slow-wave sleep and the possibilities of modern insomnia therapy].

Effective therapy of insomnia, especially chronic insomnia, is one of the most pressing neuropsychiatric problems. Unfortunately, at present in the Russian Federation, as in most other countries of the world, there are no officially approved drugs for long-term treatment of insomnia. In this regard, the use of medical sedation agents that do not have restrictions on the duration of use is of considerable interest.

[Efficacy of adepress (paroxetin) in generalized anxiety disorder].

The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of adepress (paroxetin) in different clinical variants of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Adepress was used as a monotherapy during 42 days. Patient's state was assessed using Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) at baseline and every week thereafter.

[Neurophysiologic analysis of the critical period of delay of a reinforcing stimulus in the dog].

At interval of less than 100 ms between indifferent sound and unconditioned electrocutaneous stimulation, classical defensive conditioned reflex is not elaborated in dogs, in full correspondence with literature data. But intracortical temporary connection is established; this fact is shown by electrographic phenomena, the most specific and demonstrative among them is "conditioned evoked potential". The absence of behavioural (peripheral) and presence of electrographic (central) manifestations allow to assume that for the formation of the conditioned reflex of full value the involvement is necessary of additional activational (motivational) mechanisms, connected with reticular and (or) limbic subcortical structures which do not react to the conditioned stimulus at time deficit in conditions of microdelay.

[Inhibitory conditioned reflex of the tonic type].

Physiological parameters of dogs conditioned reactions were studied, elaborated in response to experimental situations stimuli: in one case the animals experienced painful electrocutaneous stimulation (defensive situation), in the other one--they did not (neutral situation). One of these reflexes, that appearing in the defensive situation, may be considered as positive, the other one (in neutral situation)--as inhibitory. In conditions of transswitching, positive tonic conditioned reflex (TCR) determines positive signal significance of phasic (trigger) stimulus and inhibitory TCR--the negative significance (of the same stimulus).

[Evoked auditory cortex potentials of wakeful dogs in response to paired clicks].

EP to a test click appears in the auditory cortex of alert intact dogs in 30--40 ms after the conditioning click (period of the so called absolute refractory state). The curve of the recovery of the second EP has a complex periodic character with two stages of complete recovery of the early EP complex amplitude: rapid initial after 80--180 ms, and final, 280--430 ms after presentation of the conditioning click.

[Behavioral and electrophysiologic reactions during transformation of heterogeneous conditioned reflexes].

A successive transformation of the signal meaning (defensive to alimentary), first of situational stimuli and then of phasic (triggering) conditioned stimulus (clicks), was performed on dogs with elaborated defensive motor reflexes. In the course of the transformation, a new kind of behaviour is formed due to an interaction of tonic and phasic stimuli; it is manifested in a complex of somatic, vegetative and bioelectrical reactions to the action of the conditioned stimulus and during intersignal periods. The heterogenous defensive alimentary meaning of clicks is reflected in EPs of the auditory and somatosensory cortical areas, primarily in differences in the amplitude of the second positive oscillation.

[Transformation of conditioned responses of the tonic type].

A reversal of signal meaning of stimuli signalling experimental situation was performed on dogs with conditioned defensive motor reflexes to clicks: clicks and electro-cutaneous stimulation were stopped, and the animals were started to be given food in the same experimental situation. Reversal of conditioned defensive tonic stimuli to alimentary ones led to a complex of behavioral and electrographic reactions. Isolated click tests showed that signals of experimental situation considerably affect a fully-elaborated defensive motor reflex.

[Characteristics of cortical responses to electrostimulation of the internal geniculate body during formation of a defensive conditioned reflex].

During elaboration of a classical defensive conditioned reflex the dogs exhibited a dependence of the changes in amplitude and configuration of evoked potentials (EP) to electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body (MGB), a conditioned stimulus, on the nature of effector manifestation of the conditioned reflex: the late components were the most depressed at multiple phasic reactions and not infrequently increased and became complicated at single and short motor reactions as well as at their incidental absence. The primary oscillations, while mostly remaining unchanged, were depressed in the case of conditioned reactions attended with a general motor restlessness. A difference has been revealed during conditioning in the EP changes to electrical stimulation of MGB and to an adequate peripheral stimulation.