Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rates Calculated by New and Old Equations in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes-What to Do With the Results?

To apply and evaluate various equations for estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) in a large paediatric type 1 diabetes population and compare the eGFR values with urinary creatinine clearances (UCC) in a subset of patients. Six eGFR formulae applicable for children and adolescents were used for calculation of eGFR values in 36,782 children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Via regression models, factors influencing eGFR values were identified.

Only minor changes in thrombin generation of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus - A case-control study.

Background: Micro- and macrovascular diseases are frequent complications in patients with diabetes. Hypercoagulability may contribute to microvascular alterations.

Objective: In this study, we investigated whether type 1 diabetes in children is associated with a hypercoagulable state by performing a global function test of coagulation - the thrombin generation assay.

Applicability of Greulich-Pyle and Tanner-Whitehouse grading methods to MRI when assessing hand bone age in forensic age estimation: A pilot study.

Determination of skeletal development is a key pillar in forensic age estimation of living persons. Radiological assessment of hand bone age is widely used until the age of about 17-18 years, applying visual grading techniques to hand radiographs. This study investigated whether Greulich-Pyle (GP) and Tanner-Whitehouse (TW2) grading can be equally used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, which would offer the huge benefit of avoiding ionizing radiation.

Cholecalciferol supplementation improves suppressive capacity of regulatory T-cells in young patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus - A randomized clinical trial.

It is unknown if cholecalciferol is able to modify defects in regulatory T cells (Tregs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial 30 young patients with new-onset T1D were assigned to cholecalciferol (70IU/kgbodyweight/day) or placebo for 12months. Tregs were determined by FACS-analysis and functional tests were assessed with ex vivo suppression co-cultures at months 0, 3, 6 and 12.

Accuracy of blood glucose meters for self-monitoring affects glucose control and hypoglycemia rate in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: This study investigated the accuracy of blood glucose meters for self-monitoring and its influence on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and the frequency of hypoglycemic coma.

Materials And Methods: Self-measured and simultaneously obtained laboratory blood glucose values from 9,163 patients with type 1 diabetes <18 years of age in the German/Austrian Diabetes Prospective Documentation Initiative registry were analyzed by investigating their compliance with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) criteria (versions 2003 and 2013) and by error grid analyses. Regression models elucidated effects on glucose control and hypoglycemia rates.

Why is insulin pump treatment rarely used in adolescents and young adults with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes?

Background: In type 1 diabetes (T1D), the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has increased steadily in the last years. Compared with conventional insulin injection regimes, major advantages might be a nearly physiological insulin secretion, lower rates of hypoglycemia, higher flexibility in daily life, and increased quality of life. Data on CSII in cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) are scarce.

Weight and body mass index (BMI): current data for Austrian boys and girls aged 4 to under 19 years.

Background: BMI reference charts are widely used to diagnose overweight, obesity and underweight in children and adolescents.

Aim: To provide up-to-date national reference values for Austria.

Methods: A cross-sectional sample of over 14 500 children and adolescents (4-19 years) stratified by provinces according to age- and sex-specific population proportions was drawn via schooling institutions (kindergartens, schools and vocational colleges).

Lipoatrophy is associated with an increased risk of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and coeliac disease in female patients with type 1 diabetes.

Background/aims: Lipoatrophy (LA) is a rare, possibly under-recognised side effect of insulin treatment of unclear aetiology. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who have LA and to explore the relationship between LA and other autoimmune diseases based on the hypothesis that additional autoimmune phenomena are more prevalent in T1D patients with LA.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of T1D patients with LA in comparison to T1D patients without LA who are registered with the Diabetes Patienten-Verlaufsdokumentationssystem database of 241,650 patients in Germany and Austria.

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes compared with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults.

Background: With increasing life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), secondary diabetes becomes more prevalent. It appears to be the most common co-morbidity in persons with cystic fibrosis. Therefore, the objective of our study was to describe characteristics of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes compared with type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1DM/T2DM) in adults.

Austrian height and body proportion references for children aged 4 to under 19 years.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated differences between national and the WHO reference curves in children older than 5 years. Moreover, reference curves for body proportions (sitting height, subischial leg length and their ratio) based on state-of-the-art statistics are not available.

Aim: To develop reference curves for height and body proportions for use in Austria and compare the curves with WHO reference curves.

Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Austria.

Mortality of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 1 diabetes is increased 2- to 20-fold compared to non-diabetic individuals. In young adults with type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular events are more often the cause of premature death than nephropathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and extent of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Austria.

Do children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus have a higher frequency of parietal cell antibodies than healthy controls?

Objectives: Parietal cell antibodies (PCA) are markers of autoimmune gastritis (AG). AG can lead to hypergastrinemia and iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA). Compared to healthy controls, adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) show a higher prevalence of PCA (1% vs 20%).

On the occurrence of the diabetes-associated antigen GAD 65 in human sera.

Background: Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD 65) is involved as an antigen in diabetes mellitus type 1 and is generally considered to be located intracellularly in pancreas β-cells. In this study we demonstrate its appearance in 64 human sera samples representing a cross-section of a blood bank.

Method: The proof of GAD 65 in sera was done using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) setup where it was detected by interaction with corresponding antibodies labeled with an enzyme.

[Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus].

Diabetes-related microvascular and macrovascular complications, as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy are life-threatening complications in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Risk factors for the development of complications are longer duration of diabetes, older age and puberty. Further risk factors include smoking, hypertension, higher body mass index and dyslipoproteinaemia.

Acylated ghrelin increases after controlled short-time exercise in school-aged children.

Ghrelin is a peptide hormone, which plays an important role in appetite regulation. The effects of exercise on ghrelin plasma concentrations are still not clear, especially in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of acylated and total ghrelin concentrations to controlled exercise in school-aged children.

The influence of physical activity on ghrelin and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 levels in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of regular physical activity on ghrelin and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 levels during a diabetes camp.

Methods: Twenty-eight children and adolescents (14 boys; mean age 12.1 yr) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, mean duration of diabetes 4.

Ghrelin--an indicator for fat oxidation in obese children and adolescents during a weight reduction program.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term energy restriction combined with physical activity on changes in substrate oxidation and changes in plasma concentrations of ghrelin. We designed a longitudinal intervention study of 4.2 MJ (= 1,000 kcal) daily with exercise.

Ghrelin does not regulate the GH response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in children but could be involved in the regulation of cortisol secretion.

Objective: Ghrelin activates the growth hormone secretagogue receptor GHS-R. It strongly stimulates GH secretion and has a role in energy homeostasis. The relationship between plasma ghrelin and cortisol levels during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in prepubertal and pubertal children has not yet been investigated.

Leptin responses to insulin administration in children with short stature.

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of standard insulin tolerance test on plasma leptin levels in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) and in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Furthermore, plasma leptin levels were analyzed with regard to age, body mass index (BMI), and plasma levels of human growth hormone and of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Sixty-three patients with a height below the third percentile, an age of 10.

Early atherosclerosis in obese juveniles is associated with low serum levels of adiponectin.

Context: There is growing evidence that adiponectin, the most abundant adipocytokine of adipose tissue cells, plays a crucial role in advanced atherosclerosis.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of adiponectin in early atherosclerosis.

Design: One hundred forty obese juveniles (mean age, 13.

Effects of TRH administration on plasma leptin levels in infants, children and adolescents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) administration (standard TRH stimulation test) on plasma leptin levels in infants, children and adolescents. Plasma leptin levels were analyzed with regard to age, body mass index (BMI) and results in standard TRH stimulation test. The study population consisted of 79 infants, children and adolescents (age: 4.

Reduced forearm blood flow in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (measured by near-infrared spectroscopy).

Objective: The aim of this study was to measure forearm blood flow (FBF) to detect any possible changes that might indicate vascular disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: FBF was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), venous occlusion at rest, and after handgrip exercise. A total of 40 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and 40 healthy children and adolescents (6-18 years) were matched for age and sex for comparison.

Low grade inflammation in juvenile obesity and type 1 diabetes associated with early signs of atherosclerosis.

Background: Subclinical inflammation has been implicated in the initiation and/or progression of atherosclerosis. Diabetes mellitus and obesity are risk factors for atherosclerosis, and asymptomatic low grade inflammation occurs prior to overt vascular lesions in these patients. In contrast to adults, little information exists concerning low grade inflammation in young type 1 diabetes and juvenile obesity.

Rewarming index of the lower leg assessed by infrared thermography in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to determine whether infrared thermography before and after challenge of the lower leg in cold water may be a useful tool to detect abnormalities in skin blood flow in adolescent asymptomatic patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and to assess the optimal setting of skin temperature measurements. Twenty-five adolescents (10 female, 15 male, mean age 21.2 +/- 6.