Theory of two threshold fields for relativistic runaway electrons.

This Letter presents a rigorous kinetic theory for relativistic runaway electrons in the near critical electric field in tokamaks. The theory provides a distribution function of the runaway electrons, reveals the presence of two different threshold electric fields, and describes a mechanism for hysteresis in the runaway electron avalanche. Two different threshold electric fields characterize a minimal field required for sustainment of the existing runaway population and a higher field required for the avalanche onset.

Parametric amplification of laser-driven electron acceleration in underdense plasma.

A new mechanism is reported that increases electron energy gain from a laser beam of ultrarelativistic intensity in underdense plasma. The increase occurs when the laser produces an ion channel that confines accelerated electrons. The frequency of electron oscillations across the channel is strongly modulated by the laser beam, which causes parametric amplification of the oscillations and enhances the electron energy gain.