Relocation and the characteristics of hospital and hostel regimes.

Drawing on evidence from a research evaluation of a local community care programme, this paper explores whether relocation from a British National Health Service mental handicap hospital into local authority hostels (supervised residential facilities) brought about a qualitative change in the residential environment of movers towards less restrictive management practices and caring routines, more responsive attitudes towards their rights and needs as individuals, and greater control over their own lives. The conclusions point to the existence of a substantial measure of overlap in the fundamental characteristics of the hospital and hostel regimes.

Detection of an arbovirus in an invertebrate and a vertebrate host using the polymerase chain reaction.

The ability of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose an arboviral infection in an arthropod vector or a mammalian host was examined. Dugbe (DUG) viral RNA was detected in RNA extracts from infected tissue samples by reverse transcription and enzymatic amplification of the resulting cDNA using Taq DNA polymerase, followed by characterisation of the amplified product by agarose gel electrophoresis or dot-blot hybridisation. Viral RNA was detected in the organs and haemolymph of infected Amblyomma variegatum ticks, and in the brain and blood of infected mice.

Synthesis of bluetongue virus-encoded phosphoprotein and formation of inclusion bodies by recombinant baculovirus in insect cells: it binds the single-stranded RNA species.

A DNA clone of RNA segment 8 (S8) of bluetongue virus type 10 (BTV-10), an orbivirus member of the Reoviridae family has been expressed to high levels (20 mg/1 x 10(9) cells) using an Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus expression vector (pA-cYM1). The expressed protein is similar to the authentic BTV phosphoprotein NS2, in its size, antigenicity, and also the manner of phosphorylation (e.g.

Construction of genetically engineered baculovirus insecticides containing the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-73 delta endotoxin.

The delta-endotoxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-73 was inserted into Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) using two transfer vector systems. In the first, the delta-endotoxin gene was placed under the control of the polyhedrin gene promoter in lieu of the polyhedrin coding sequences, thus deriving a polyhedrin-negative virus.

Identification of bluetongue virus VP6 protein as a nucleic acid-binding protein and the localization of VP6 in virus-infected vertebrate cells.

Recently the insect baculovirus Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) has been effectively adapted as a highly efficient vector in insect cells for the expression of various genes. A cDNA sequence of RNA segment 9 of bluetongue virus serotype 10 (BTV-10, an orbivirus member of the Reoviridae family) encoding a minor core protein (VP6) has been inserted into the BamHI site of the pAcYM1 transfer vector derived from AcNPV. Spodoptera frugiperda cells were cotransfected with the derived vector in the presence of authentic AcNPV DNA to produce recombinant viruses.

Viral interference in the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. II. Absence of interference with Thogoto virus when the tick gut is by-passed by parenteral inoculation.

Genetic reassortment of Thogoto (THO) virus has been demonstrated in dually infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. However previous results showed that oral superinfection is inhibited by interference. To ascertain the site of THO viral interference, ticks were infected parenterally or orally with a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of THO virus.

Effects of biogenic amines and adrenergic drugs on oviposition in the cattle tick Boophilus: evidence for octopaminergic innervation of the oviduct.

Oviposition in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was arrested by octopamine and the alpha-adrenergic agonists clonidine, tolazoline, and naphazoline, at doses of 25 micrograms per tick. The same effect was obtained with a sublethal dose of Amitraz of 10 micrograms per tick. In contrast, the alpha-adrenergic agonists apomorphine, synephrine, phentolamine, metaclopromide and chlorpromazine were ineffective.

Anatomical basis of Thogoto virus infection in BHK cell culture and in the ixodid tick vector, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus.

Infection by Thogoto (THO) virus, a tick-borne virus related to the orthomyxoviruses, has been compared in vertebrate cell culture and in Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks using infectivity titrations, immunofluorescence, and immune electron microscopy with colloidal gold markers to detect cell surface and intracellular antigens. Morphogenesis of THO virus in cell culture was similar to that of influenza virus, with polymorphic virus particles budding at the plasma membrane. In the tick, THO viral infection caused no obvious pathology; virions or budding profiles were not observed in electron micrographs, although replication, trans-stadial persistence and transmission to a susceptible host occur.

Wax lipid secretion and ultrastructural development in the egg-waxing (Gene's) organ in ixodid ticks.

Gene's organ, the egg-waxing organ of ticks, performs an essential function in females by coating the eggs with a waterproofing layer during oviposition, which prevents desiccation of the embryo, ensuring its viability. The organ is a target for control agents and a potential site of virus replication involving trans-oval transmission of arboviruses. The organ is a complex dermal gland, developed to an elaborate degree.

Perspectives of people with learning difficulties on relocation and community care.

Steady progress is being made in the UK in the deinstitutionalisation of services for people with learning difficulties. Growing numbers are moving out of long-stay hospitals and hostels into less restrictive settings. But so far little is know about how they respond to the way these policies are changing their lives.

Accessible public transport--when will the dream become a reality?

This is a paper concerning the transport needs of people with disabilities. Whilst tracing to date the development of Dial-a-Ride, the door-to-door transport service for the disabled, it also examines the future of Dial-a-Ride and explores what progress is still to be achieved in the field of transport. The paper draws upon recent research undertaken by the London Dial-a-Ride Users' Association, the representative body of London Dial-a-Ride users.

The effects of precocene treatment on egg wax production in Gené's organ and egg viability in the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acarina Ixodidae): an ultrastructural study.

Wax synthesis by Gené's organ, the egg waxing organ of ticks, is by precocene treatment of engorged female Boophilus microplus, resulting in desiccated nonviable eggs due to the absence of a waterproofing wax layer. Electron microscopy shows that precocene has a destructive effect on the glandular cells of Gené's organ. The precocene also inhibited in vitro wax synthesis by the gland cells, indicating a selective cytotoxic effect.

Grammatical Inference: Introduction and Survey-Part II.

Inference of high-dimensional grammars is discussed. Specifically, techniques for inferring tree grammars are briefly presented. The problem of inferring a stochastic grammar to model the behavior of an information source is also introduced and techniques for carrying out the inference process are presented for a class of stochastic finite-state and context-free grammars.

Grammatical inference: introduction and survey-part I.

The problem of grammatical inference is introduced, and its potential engineering applications are demonstrated. Inference algorithms for finite-state and context-free grammars are presented. The application of some of the algorithms to the inference of pattern grammars in syntactic pattern recognition is illustrated by examples.

Ultrastructure of the accessory glands of gene's organ in the cattle tick, Boophilus.

The organization and ultrastructure of the accessory glands of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, are described. The glands consist of two groups of acinar cells situated on either side of Gene's organ. A single acinus consists of from eight to 12 cells and each cell is connected via an individual duct to pores on the dorsal surface of the mouthparts.

Interaction of bleomycin A2 with poly(deoxyadenylylthymidylic acid). A proton nuclear magnetic resonance study of the influence of temperature, pH, and ionic strength.

The binding of bleomycin A2 to poly(deoxyadenylylthymidylic acid) [poly(dA-dT)] has been monitored by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This study includes an analysis of the effects of temperature, ionic strength, and pH. Sites of drug-nucleic acid interaction have been delineated on the basis of chemical shift perturbations of drug and nucleic acid resonances.

Patterns of mortality in homes for the elderly.

High rates of mortality are an abiding feature of homes for the elderly. Almost a fifth (19.2%) of a cohort of 6947 residents died in the 12 months following initial assessment.

Synthesis and DNA binding of [3-[2'-(2-acetamidoethyl)-2,4'-bithiazole-4-carboxamido]propyl[dimethylsulfonium chloride, a fragment of bleomycin A2.

[3-[2'-(2-Acetamidoethyl)-2,4'-bithiazole-4-carboxamido]propyl]dimethylsulfonium chloride (1), the acetyl derivative of the cationic terminal dipeptide of bleomycin A2, has been synthesized and its binding to DNA and poly(dA-dT) has been studied by proton NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The spectral perturbations which occur upon binding of the compound to either nucleic acid indicate that that portion of bleomycin which binds to the nucleic acid can, for the most part, be mimicked by the fragment. The data are discussed in terms of the structure of the drug and the drug-nucleic acid complex.