Pulmonary function of healthy Korean children from three independent birth cohorts: Validation of the Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 equation.

Background And Objective: Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) 2012 equations were developed to resolve the age-related disparity in interpreting spirometry results. Local validation of the equation is needed, especially in Northeast Asian children. This study evaluated the GLI equation in Korean children.

Polymorphism in the Promoter Region of Is Associated with Sociality Traits in Korean Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

In this study, we evaluated the association between autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5' region of the semaphorin 5A gene () for 250 Korean trios including children with ASDs. Family-based association testing and haplotype analysis revealed a statistically significant association between rs194085 and multiple sociality traits with Korean ASDs in the dominant model (p<0.001, corrected p=0.

Prenatal TVOCs exposure negatively influences postnatal neurobehavioral development.

Prenatal exposure to volatile organic compounds may restrict fetal development and adversely influence infants' life. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) and postnatal neurobehavioral development. A subsample of 383 pregnant participants was chosen from the prospective birth cohort study of Mother and Children's Environmental Health Study; MOCEH (N=1,751) from three regions of the Republic of Korea (Seoul, Cheon-an, and Ulsan).

Associations of prenatal and early childhood mercury exposure with autistic behaviors at 5years of age: The Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study.

Background: Although mercury is an established neurotoxin, only few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between prenatal and early childhood mercury exposure and autistic behaviors.

Methods: We conducted a longitudinal cohort study using an ongoing prospective birth cohort initiated in 2006, wherein blood mercury levels were measured at early and late pregnancy; in cord blood; and at 2 and 3years of age. We analyzed 458 mother-child pairs.

Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms and Infant Development at Six Months: the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) Prospective Study.

Our objective is to evaluate the relationships between prenatal maternal stress and depressive symptoms, respectively, and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months, adjusted for heavy metals and oxidative stress. This research is a part of a multi-center birth cohort study in South Korea. Information on stress and depressive symptoms was collected during the first trimester using Psychosocial Well-Being Index Short Form (PWI-SF) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

Genetic association analyses of neuregulin 1 gene polymorphism with endopheontype for sociality of Korean autism spectrum disorders family.

To determine the genetic association between qualitative and quantitative traits of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neuregulin 1 (NRG1)-a schizophrenia candidate gene-we examined six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NRG1 using a family-based association test (FBAT) in Korean families with ASD. rs35753505 and rs6994992 SNPs in NRG1 revealed a statistically significant family-based association with three quantitative traits for sociality.

Maternal Blood Manganese and Early Neurodevelopment: The Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) Study.

Background: Manganese is an essential trace element and common component of water, soil, and air. Prenatal manganese exposure may affect fetal and infantile neurodevelopment, but reports on in utero manganese exposure and infant neurodevelopment are rare.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate a relationship between maternal blood manganese level and neurodevelopment of infants at 6 months of age.

Differences in functional connectivity between alcohol dependence and internet gaming disorder.

Introduction: Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and alcohol dependence (AD) have been reported to share clinical characteristics including craving and over-engagement despite negative consequences. However, there are also clinical factors that differ between individuals with IGD and those with AD in terms of chemical intoxication, prevalence age, and visual and auditory stimulation.

Methods: We assessed brain functional connectivity within the prefrontal, striatum, and temporal lobe in 15 patients with IGD and in 16 patients with AD.

Environmental lead exposure and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom domains in a community sample of South Korean school-age children.

Background: Low-level environmental exposure to lead has been associated with both reduced intelligence and symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have estimated the association of lead and intelligence independent of ADHD, and it is not clear from previous studies whether lead is associated with both inattention and impulsivity ADHD symptoms.

Objectives: We estimated mutually adjusted associations of environmental lead exposure with both intelligence and ADHD symptoms, and associations between lead and specific ADHD-related domains.

Blood manganese levels in relation to comorbid behavioral and emotional problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) appear to be more vulnerable to the development of other psychiatric disorders than the general population. The proposed neurotoxic mechanisms of manganese involve striatal dopamine neurotransmission, implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD. We investigated whether the adverse impact of manganese is particularly pronounced in children with ADHD.

The impact of depressive symptoms in adults with ADHD symptoms on family function and ADHD symptoms of their children.

Objective: People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit considerable impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. The present study aimed to examine the patterns of associations between ADHD symptoms, depression, and family functioning.

Methods: The sample consisted of 1,022 adults randomly selected from a district in Seoul, South Korea.

Prenatal exposure to PM₁₀ and NO₂ and children's neurodevelopment from birth to 24 months of age: mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) study.

Introduction: Previous studies have suggested adverse effects of maternal exposure to air pollution on neurodevelopment in early childhood.

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between prenatal exposure to particulates of less than 10 μm in diameter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and neurodevelopment in children during the first 24 months of their lives.

Methods: The MOCEH study is a prospective birth cohort study in South Korea.

Subthreshold attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with functional impairments across domains: a comprehensive analysis in a large-scale community study.

This study compared children who experience attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms but do not meet criteria (i.e., subthreshold ADHD) with those with the full syndrome and healthy controls.

A female carrier of ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency masquerading as attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

Many females who are heterozygous for ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC) deficiency are asymptomatic or intermittently symptomatic with great phenotypic variability. Therefore, the diagnosis of this condition is occasionally a challenge and is often delayed. A 12-year-old girl who was initially diagnosed as having attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) became comatose and developed right-sided hemiparesis during her psychiatric admission.

White-matter connectivity and methylphenidate-induced changes in attentional performance according to α2A-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms in Korean children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The authors examined the association between the MspI C/G and DraI C/T genotypes of the α2A-adrenergic receptor gene and white-matter connectivity and attentional performance before and after medication in 53 children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Subjects who carried the T allele at the DraI polymorphism showed fewer changes in the mean commission error scores after 8 weeks of medication and decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the right middle frontal cortex than subjects without the T allele. Subjects with the C allele at the MspI polymorphism showed decreased FA values in the right postcentral gyrus than subjects without.

Prenatal bisphenol A and birth outcomes: MOCEH (Mothers and Children's Environmental Health) study.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is used primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Widespread exposure to BPA has created a great deal of concern regarding its potential adverse effects on human health. This study examined the relationship between prenatal BPA exposure and birth outcomes, including birth weight, birth length, and ponderal index considering gender difference.

Bisphenol A in relation to behavior and learning of school-age children.

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) has been shown to affect brain and behavior in rodents and nonhuman primates, but there are few studies focusing on its relationship to human neurobehavior. We aimed to investigate the relationship between environmental exposure to BPA and childhood neurobehavior.

Methods: Urinary BPA concentrations and behavioral and learning characteristics were assessed in a general population of 1,089 children, aged 8-11 years.

Impact of family environment on the development of tic disorders: epidemiologic evidence for an association.

Background: Although family education generally is recommended in the treatment of tic disorders, few studies have focused on the relationship between family environment and diagnosis of tic disorders.

Methods: Presence of DSM-IV tic disorders was determined in a general population of 921 children in Korea from 2008 to 2009. Clinical risk factors were assessed, including comorbidity with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; family-related factors such as the number of family members and primary caretaker of the child; and socioeconomic factors in the form of paternal education level and household yearly income.

Association between the GRM7 rs3792452 polymorphism and attention deficit hyperacitiveity disorder in a Korean sample.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the ionotropic and glutamate receptors, N-methyl D-asparate 2A (GRIN2A) and 2B (GRIN2B), and the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR7 (GRM7) gene polymorphisms and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean population.

Methods: We conducted a case-control analysis of 202 ADHD subjects and 159 controls, performed a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) on 149 trios, and compared scores from the continuous performance test (CPT), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) according to the genotype of the glutamate receptor genes.

Results: There were no significant differences in the genotype or allele frequencies of the GRIN2A rs8049651, GRIN2B rs2284411, or GRM7 rs37952452 polymorphisms between the ADHD and control groups.

Dopaminergic and noradrenergic gene polymorphisms and response to methylphenidate in korean children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is there an interaction?

Objective: We aimed to investigate the independent and interaction effects of dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4), alpha-2A adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A), and norepinephrine transporter gene (NET1), with regard to treatment response to methylphenidate (MPH) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods: The participants of the study were 103 children and adolescents (ages 9.1±2.

Association between dietary behaviors and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities in school-aged children.

We aimed to comprehensively investigate the associations between a wide range of measures of dietary behaviors and learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in community-dwelling Korean children in order to generate hypotheses for future work. The present study included 986 children [507 boys, 479 girls; mean (S.D.

Serotonin 2A Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Korean Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the T102C polymorphism in the serotonin 2A receptor gene and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Korean patients.

Methods: A total of 189 Korean children with ADHD as well as both parents of the ADHD children and 150 normal children participated in this study. DNA was extracted from blood samples from all of the subjects, and genotyping was conducted.

Titrating Optimal Dose of Osmotic-Controlled Release Oral Delivery (OROS)-Methylphenidate and Its Efficacy and Safety in Korean Children with ADHD: A Multisite Open Labeled Study.

Objective: This study was aimed to determine effectiveness and tolerability of Osmotic-controlled Release Oral delivery (OROS) methylphenidate (MPH) and its optimal dose administered openly over a period of up to 12 weeks in drug naïve Korean children with ADHD.

Methods: Subjects (n=143), ages 6 to 18-years, with a clinical diagnosis of any subtype of ADHD were recruited from 7 medical centers in Korea. An individualized dose of OROS-MPH was determined for each subject depending on the response criteria.

Possible effect of norepinephrine transporter polymorphisms on methylphenidate-induced changes in neuropsychological function in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Dysregulation of noradrenergic system may play important roles in pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined the relationship between polymorphisms in the norepinephrine transporter SLC6A2 gene and attentional performance before and after medication in children with ADHD.

Methods: Fifty-three medication-naïve children with ADHD were genotyped and evaluated using the continuous performance test (CPT).