Distribution of Brown Adipose Tissue Radiodensity in Young Adults: Implications for Cold [F]FDG-PET/CT Analyses.

Purpose: Nowadays, 2-deoxy-2-[F]fluoro-D-glucose ([F]FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) is considered the best available technique to in vivo determination of human BAT volume. The most used Hounsfield unit (HU) threshold for BAT quantification is from - 250 to - 50 HU. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is (i) to examine the influence of SUV and HU thresholds on BAT quantification by [F]FDG-PET/CT scan, (ii) to identify the proportion of BAT which is not detected by [F]FDG-PET/CT scan when limiting the range between - 10 and - 50 HU, and (iii) to describe the distribution of BAT radiodensity by weight status and sex in young healthy individuals.

The Impact of Upper Airway Stimulation on Swallowing Function.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of upper airway stimulation therapy (UAS) on swallowing function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

Study Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Academic medical center.

Supraclavicular skin temperature measured by iButtons and F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by brown adipose tissue in adults.

Currently, 18 [F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) in combination with a positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan analysis is the most commonly used method to quantify human BAT volume and activity. However, this technique presents several drawbacks which negatively affect participant's health. The aim of the present work is to determine whether supraclavicular skin temperature can be used as an indirect marker of cold-induced BAT and skeletal muscle F-FDG uptake in adults, while taking into account body composition.

Reversal of Partial Neuromuscular Block and the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Volunteers.

What We Already Know About This Topic: The ventilatory response to hypoxia is a critical reflex that is impaired by neuromuscular blocking drugs. However, the degree to which this reflex is restored after reversal of blockade is unknown.

What This Article Tells Us That Is New: Despite full reversal of neuromuscular blockade at the thumb using different drug classes, this hypoxic chemoreflex is not fully restored.

Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Studies of Meridional Anisotropies in Children With and Without Astigmatism.

Purpose: We investigated the pattern of meridional anisotropies, if any, for pattern onset-offset visual evoked potential (POVEPs) responses and psychophysical grating acuity (GA) in children with normal letter visual acuity (20/20 or better).

Methods: A total of 29 children (aged 3-9 years), nine of whom were astigmatic (AS), were recruited. Orientation-specific monocular POVEPs were recorded in response to sinewave grating stimuli oriented along the subjects' principal AS meridians.

The Mediating Role of Brown Fat and Skeletal Muscle Measured by F-Fluorodeoxyglucose in the Thermoregulatory System in Young Adults.

Objective: This study aimed to examine whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) or skeletal muscle activity mediates the relationship between personal level of environmental temperature (Personal-ET) and wrist skin temperature (WT). Moreover, we examined whether BAT and skeletal muscle have a mediating role between Personal-ET and WT (as a proxy of peripheral vasoconstriction/vasodilation).

Methods: The levels of BAT were quantified by cold-induced F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan and measured the Personal-ET and WT by using iButtons (Maxim Integrated, Dallas, Texas) in 75 participants (74.

Metamizole vs. ibuprofen at home after day case surgery: A double-blind randomised controlled noninferiority trial.

Background: NSAIDs and paracetamol are the cornerstones of pain treatment after day case surgery. However, NSAIDs have numerous contraindications and consequently are not suitable in up to 25% of patients. Metamizole is a non-opioid compound with a favourable gastro-intestinal and cardiovascular profile compared with NSAIDs.

The Relative Contribution of Food Groups to Macronutrient Intake in Children with Cystic Fibrosis: A European Multicenter Assessment.

Background: Optimal nutrition for children with cystic fibrosis (CF) improves prognosis and survival, but an increased caloric intake recommendation for this population raises concerns about the nutrient profile of their diets.

Objective: Our aim was to assess the relative contribution of food groups to the total macronutrient intake of European pediatric patients with CF.

Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in which the participants recorded dietary intake from 2016 to 2017.

Clinical validation of an evidence-based method to adjust Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy through a prospective interventional study in paediatric patients with Cystic Fibrosis.

Background: A method to adjust Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis is not currently available.

Objectives: To assess the in vivo efficacy of a method to adjust the dose of enzymatic supplement in CF extrapolated from previous in vitro digestion studies (theoretical optimal dose, TOD). Secondly, to assess how individual patient characteristics influence the expected coefficient of fat absorption (CFA) and thus to identify an individual correction factor to improve TOD.

Nociception-guided versus Standard Care during Remifentanil-Propofol Anesthesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The multidimensional index of nociception, the nociception level, outperforms blood pressure and heart rate in detection of nociceptive events during anesthesia. We hypothesized that nociception level-guided analgesia reduces opioid consumption and suboptimal anesthesia events such as low blood pressure and use of vasoactive medication.

Methods: In this single-blinded randomized study, 80 American Society of Anesthesiologists class I-III adult patients of either sex, scheduled for major abdominal procedures under remifentanil/propofol anesthesia by target-controlled infusion, were included.

Pulmonary exacerbations in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia: an expert consensus definition for use in clinical trials.

Pulmonary exacerbations are a cause of significant morbidity in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and are frequently used as an outcome measure in clinical research into chronic lung diseases. So far, there has been no consensus on the definition of pulmonary exacerbations in PCD. 30 multidisciplinary experts and patients developed a consensus definition for children and adults with PCD.

High Fat Diet Increases Circulating Endocannabinoids Accompanied by Increased Synthesis Enzymes in Adipose Tissue.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls energy balance by regulating both energy intake and energy expenditure. Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in obesity suggesting a potential causal relationship. This study aimed to elucidate the rate of dysregulation of the ECS, and the metabolic organs involved, in diet-induced obesity.

Interdisciplinary expertise in medical practice: Challenges of using and producing knowledge in complex problem-solving.

Clarification of as the ability to deal with the cognitive and epistemological challenges of multi- and interdisciplinary problem-solving-such as in developing and implementing medical technology for diagnoses and treatment of patients in collaborations between clinicians, technicians, and engineers-and of the needed as part of this expertise. : Clarify the epistemological difficulties of combining scientific knowledge, methodologies and technologies from different disciplines in problem-solving, by drawing on recent developments in the philosophy of science. : We argue that involves the ability to connect, translate and establish links between disciplinary knowledge, as well as the to understand and explain the role of the -consisting of, e.

Optimisation of children z-score calculation based on new statistical techniques.

Background: Expressing anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI) as z-score is a key principle in the clinical assessment of children and adolescents. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts and the CDC-LMS method for z-score calculation are widely used to assess growth and nutritional status, though they can be imprecise in some percentiles.

Objective: To improve the accuracy of z-score calculation by revising the statistical method using the original data used to develop current z-score calculators.

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation in three adults with down syndrome and severe obstructive sleep apnea.

We present three adults with Down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treated with hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The average age of these three males was 37.3 years.

Comparing spectacle and toric contact lens prescribing trends for astigmatism.

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare spectacle and contact lens (CL) prescription trends, with an emphasis on astigmatic refractive error prescribing differences for patients who purchase spectacles or CLs in South Korea.

Methods: A retrospective study of patient records of a major optical chain in South Korea was conducted. De-identified data of age, gender, power of prescribed spectacles and/or CLs were extracted from the practice database.

Post-approval upper airway stimulation predictors of treatment effectiveness in the ADHERE registry.

Upper airway stimulation (UAS) has been shown to reduce severity of obstructive sleep apnoea. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of UAS therapy response in an international multicentre registry.Patients who underwent UAS implantation in the United States and Germany were enrolled in an observational registry.

Functional Analysis and Antivirulence Properties of a New Depolymerase from a Myovirus That Infects Acinetobacter baumannii Capsule K45.

is an important pathogen causative of health care-associated infections and is able to rapidly develop resistance to all known antibiotics, including colistin. As an alternative therapeutic agent, we have isolated a novel myovirus (vB_AbaM_B9) which specifically infects and makes lysis from without in strains of the K45 and K30 capsule types, respectively. Phage B9 has a genome of 93,641 bp and encodes 167 predicted proteins, of which 29 were identified by mass spectrometry.

Dysfunctional hypoglossal nerve stimulator after electrical cardioversion: A case series.

Objectives/hypothesis: Upper airway stimulation has demonstrated marked improvements in apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, and quality-of-life measures in patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who cannot tolerate continuous positive airway pressure. Cardiac arrhythmias are common in patients with OSA and can require electrical cardioversion. We describe the first four reported cases of hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) dysfunction after electrical cardioversion and illustrate our operative approach to device troubleshooting and repair.

Effect of L-arginine on energy metabolism, skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue in South Asian and Europid prediabetic men: a randomised double-blinded crossover study.

Aims/hypothesis: Individuals of South Asian origin are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated comorbidities compared with Europids. Disturbances in energy metabolism may contribute to this increased risk. Skeletal muscle and possibly also brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in human energy metabolism and nitric oxide (NO) is suggested to play a pivotal role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis in both tissues.

Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor Modulation Prevents and Reverses Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Mice.

Medication for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an unmet need. Glucocorticoid (GC) stress hormones drive fat metabolism in the liver, but both full blockade and full stimulation of GC signaling aggravate NAFLD pathology. We investigated the efficacy of selective glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator CORT118335, which recapitulates only a subset of GC actions, in reducing liver lipid accumulation in mice.