Accuracy and Feasibility of Using a Smartphone Application for Carbohydrate Counting Versus Traditional Carbohydrate Counting for Adults With Insulin-Treated Diabetes.

Background: Patients with insulin-treated diabetes struggle with performing accurate carbohydrate counting for proper blood glucose control. Little is known about the comparative accuracy and feasibility of carbohydrate counting methods.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether carbohydrate counting using a smartphone application is more accurate and feasible than a traditional method.

Outcomes of an interprofessional SBIRT training program: Knowledge attainment and perceived competence for practice.

One way to address substance misuse is to train health professional students in Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT), an early intervention strategy. This study evaluated a semester-long, 50-hour elective SBIRT training that blended online coursework with interprofessional experiences. Medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and social work students completed an interprofessional standardized patient experience and completed a minimum of two interprofessional SBIRT experiences at community agencies.

Adapting the telephone assessment and skill-building kit to the telehealth technology preferences of stroke family caregivers.

Family caregivers exhibit a wide variety of needs and concerns while providing care to stroke survivors after discharge to the home setting. We report the results of two related studies utilizing a multimethod design in which stroke family caregivers (N = 12; N = 10) were interviewed using open-ended questions, followed by written caregiver ratings regarding the types of telehealth technologies they preferred for the telephone assessment and skill-building kit (TASK III). Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis procedures with a provisional "start list" of codes in a matrix template based on the types of telehealth technologies in the rating forms.

Thermic effect of food and resting energy expenditure after sleeve gastrectomy for weight loss in adolescent females.

Background: Few studies have addressed the effect of bariatric surgery on factors related to energy balance, including resting energy expenditure (REE) and thermic effect of food (TEF). To our knowledge, very few studies have examined changes in REE and none have investigated modifications in TEF after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) performed in adolescents.

Objective: To assess energy expenditure in females who underwent SG as adolescents and matched-control participants as preliminary data about the potential of SG to confer differences in postprandial energy expenditure.

Changes in Eating Behaviors of Children with Obesity in Response to Carbohydrate-Modified and Portion-Controlled Diets.

Objective: This study's objective was to determine whether two distinct carbohydrate (CHO)-modified diets and a standard portion-controlled (PC) diet differentially impacted children's eating behaviors and whether eating behavior scores predicted lower BMI among children with obesity.

Methods: Children (n = 102) aged 7-12 years with obesity were randomly assigned to a 12-month intervention of a low-carbohydrate (LC), reduced glycemic load (RGL), or standard PC diet. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) was completed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months by parents to characterize their child's hunger (H), disinhibition (D), and cognitive restraint (CR).

Role of carbohydrate modification in weight management among obese children: a randomized clinical trial.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of carbohydrate (CHO)-modified diets with a standard portion-controlled (PC) diet in obese children.

Study Design: Obese children (n=102) aged 7-12 years were randomly assigned to a 3-month intervention of a low-CHO (LC), reduced glycemic load (RGL), or standard PC diet, along with weekly dietary counseling and biweekly group exercise. Anthropometry, dietary adherence, and clinical measures were evaluated at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months.

Environmental changes to control obesity: a randomized controlled trial in manufacturing companies.

Purpose: To determine the effects of an environmental intervention on obesity, disease risk factors, and dietary intake in an employee population.

Design: Randomized controlled community trial.

Setting: Eight manufacturing companies in Kentucky with ∼150 to 350 employees each.

Adiponectin changes in relation to the macronutrient composition of a weight-loss diet.

Adiponectin is an adipose-derived protein with beneficial metabolic effects. Low adiponectin is associated with obesity and related diseases. Significant weight loss increases adiponectin, reducing disease risk.

Challenges of a worksite health promotion project.

It is estimated that American employers spend more than $900 billion annually on health care and that obesity-attributable health care expenditures total $75 billion. The authors discuss a yearlong health promotion research project aimed at obesity and involving eight small manufacturing companies. Three hundred forty-one employees randomly selected at the intervention and control worksites were followed at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months for anthropometric measures, lifestyle behaviors, absences, and work performance.

One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and high-carbohydrate (CHO) diets on body weight and glycemic control in men and women with type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: Overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 124, age = 56.5 +/- 0.

Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice?

Purpose Of Review: High-protein diets, often with carbohydrate restriction, are quite popular among overweight Americans pursuing strategies for weight control. Recently, well designed clinical trials have evaluated the anthropometric and metabolic effects of these diets. This review focuses on the impact of high-protein diets on energy expenditure and satiety; the diets' effects on weight loss, body composition, cardiovascular risk, and glycemic control; and potential detrimental consequences of high-protein intake.

Plasma glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D predicts the change in insulin sensitivity in response to a low-fat but not a low-carbohydrate diet in obese women.

Although circulating glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD), a minor high-density lipoprotein-associated protein, is elevated in patients with insulin resistance or high triglycerides, no information is available on the effect of weight loss or changes in insulin sensitivity on circulating GPI-PLD levels. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of weight loss and changes in insulin sensitivity on plasma GPI-PLD levels. Forty-two nondiabetic obese women were included in the study, which involved a 3-month dietary intervention randomizing patients to a low-fat or a low-carbohydrate diet.

Weight loss and metabolic benefits with diets of varying fat and carbohydrate content: separating the wheat from the chaff.

With the rising prevalence of both obesity and diabetes, the contributing role of diet to the prevention and treatment of these conditions has become a major focus of research, clinical practice, and public policy. There has been intense debate over which dietary regimens might be most effective for weight loss, with interest centered on the potential for specific dietary macronutrients to affect body composition, metabolism, and overall health. This Review addresses two regimens with distinct macronutrient prescriptions that have been widely touted as being beneficial for weight loss and/or metabolic profile: diets low in carbohydrate and diets high in monounsaturated fat.

Obesity and presenteeism: the impact of body mass index on workplace productivity.

Objective: To examine whether obesity is associated with increased presenteeism (health-related limitations at work).

Methods: Randomly selected manufacturing employees (n = 341) were assessed via height and weight measures, demographic survey, wage data, and the Work Limitations Questionnaire. The Work Limitations Questionnaire measures productivity on four dimensions.

The design and evaluation of an interprofessional elective course with a cultural competence component.

Faculty from the Colleges of Nursing, Pharmacy, Social Work and Allied Health Sciences at the University of Cincinnati collaborated to create an elective course that focused on providing students the opportunity for interprofessional education (IPE) and cultural competence training. The course was designed around the educational principles described in the literature as most effective for IPE: interpersonal and small-group skills, face-to-face interaction, positive interdependence, individual accountability and group processing. Impact of the course was assessed using two questionnaires focusing on interdisciplinary interactions and cultural competence, respectively.

Prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among manufacturing company employees in Kentucky.

The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among male and female employees of eight small manufacturing companies in Kentucky. Randomly selected employees were screened using anthropometric and metabolic measures and a food frequency questionnaire. More than 77% of participants were classified as overweight or obese, higher than national estimates.

Changing the work environment to promote wellness: a focus group study.

It is estimated that employers spend more than 75 billion dollars annually on obesity-attributable health care. Interventions to reduce or prevent the risk of obesity are increasingly common at worksites and include health fairs, weight loss and nutrition classes, and fitness programs. However, many companies lack the resources to plan and implement these types of programs.

An interdisciplinary approach to introducing professionalism.

Objective: To provide interdisciplinary structured activities in academic and clinical settings for introducing the concept of professionalism to health professions students.

Design: Undergraduate and graduate students from 8 health care disciplines including pharmacy, nursing, communication sciences and disorders, dietetics and nutrition science, genetic counseling, advanced medical imaging, medical technology, and physical therapy participated in an orientation program focusing on interdisciplinary health care and professionalism, as well as a field experience.

Assessment: Survey results from both components (orientation, n = 284; field experience, n = 123) indicated that the project was valuable in increasing students' awareness of (1) the importance of professionalism in the clinical setting and (2) the potential contributions of their profession to the health care team.

Exercise and eating disorders in college-aged women: profiling excessive exercisers.

This study examined associations among excessive exercise, eating disorders, and selected psychological characteristics in college women (N = 586). Participants were recruited from university classes and administered the Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire, Eating Disorders Inventory-2, Bulimia Test-Revised, and other psychosocial measures. Results indicated that obligatory exercise is best viewed as multidimensional.

Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Low-carbohydrate diets have become increasingly popular for weight loss. However, evidence from individual trials about benefits and risks of these diets to achieve weight loss and modify cardiovascular risk factors is preliminary.

Methods: We used the Cochrane Collaboration search strategy to identify trials comparing the effects of low-carbohydrate diets without restriction of energy intake vs low-fat diets in individuals with a body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of at least 25.

Diet-induced weight loss is associated with decreases in plasma serum amyloid a and C-reactive protein independent of dietary macronutrient composition in obese subjects.

Elevated levels of serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) have been associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Although levels of CRP decrease with weight loss, it is not known whether SAA decreases with weight loss or whether dietary macronutrient composition affects levels of either SAA or CRP. SAA and CRP levels were measured retrospectively on baseline and 3-month plasma samples from 41 obese (mean body mass index 33.

The role of energy expenditure in the differential weight loss in obese women on low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets.

We have recently reported that obese women randomized to a low-carbohydrate diet lost more than twice as much weight as those following a low-fat diet over 6 months. The difference in weight loss was not explained by differences in energy intake because women on the two diets reported similar daily energy consumption. We hypothesized that chronic ingestion of a low-carbohydrate diet increases energy expenditure relative to a low-fat diet and that this accounts for the differential weight loss.

Psychosocial outcomes of a pilot multidisciplinary program for weight management.

Objective: To investigate psychosocial effects of a 6-month pilot multidisciplinary weight-management program for young females.

Methods: Participants (n=57), ages 8-15, completed the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) and Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC) at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.

Results: Positive changes were noted in the scores of both surveys.

A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women.

Untested alternative weight loss diets, such as very low carbohydrate diets, have unsubstantiated efficacy and the potential to adversely affect cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, we designed a randomized, controlled trial to determine the effects of a very low carbohydrate diet on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects were randomized to 6 months of either an ad libitum very low carbohydrate diet or a calorie-restricted diet with 30% of the calories as fat.

Effect of weight change on bone mass in female adolescents.

The purpose of this study was to examine changes in bone mineral density/bone mineral content (BMD/BMC) in obese female adolescents (Tanner stages 2 to 4) pursuing a weight reduction program. This was a prospective pilot clinical investigation involving 92 obese females screened to meet inclusion criteria and required to participate in a 6-month weight loss intervention. Baseline, 6 months, and 12 months measurements were taken for total body/lumbar spine BMD/BMC and percentage body fat.