Non-canonical function of ADAM10 in presynaptic plasticity.

A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) plays a pivotal role in shaping neuronal networks by orchestrating the activity of numerous membrane proteins through the shedding of their extracellular domains. Despite its significance in the brain, the specific cellular localization of ADAM10 remains not well understood due to a lack of appropriate tools. Here, using a specific ADAM10 antibody suitable for immunostainings, we observed that ADAM10 is localized to presynapses and especially enriched at presynaptic vesicles of mossy fiber (MF)-CA3 synapses in the hippocampus.

IL-17-induced CXCL12 recruits B cells and induces follicle formation in BALT in the absence of differentiated FDCs.

Ectopic lymphoid tissue, such as bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the lung, develops spontaneously at sites of chronic inflammation or during infection. The molecular mechanisms underlying the neogenesis of such tertiary lymphoid tissue are still poorly understood. We show that the type of inflammation-inducing pathogen determines which key factors are required for the formation and maturation of BALT.

Afferent lymph-derived T cells and DCs use different chemokine receptor CCR7-dependent routes for entry into the lymph node and intranodal migration.

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that determine the entry into the lymph node and intranodal positioning of lymph-derived cells. By injecting cells directly into afferent lymph vessels of popliteal lymph nodes, we demonstrate that lymph-derived T cells entered lymph-node parenchyma mainly from peripheral medullary sinuses, whereas dendritic cells (DCs) transmigrated through the floor of the subcapsular sinus on the afferent side. Transmigrating DCs induced local changes that allowed the concomitant entry of T cells at these sites.

CX3CR1+ c-kit+ bone marrow cells give rise to CD103+ and CD103- dendritic cells with distinct functional properties.

Dendritic cells (DC) represent a rather heterogeneous cell population with regard to morphology, phenotype, and function and, like most cells of the immune system, are subjected to a continuous renewal process. CD103(+) (integrin alpha(E)) DC have been identified as a major mucosal DC subset involved in the induction of tissue-specific homing molecules on T cells, but little is known about progenitors able to replenish this DC subset. Herein we report that lineage (lin)(-)CX(3)CR1(+)c-kit(+) (GFP(+)c-kit(+)) bone marrow cells can differentiate to either CD11c(+)CD103(-) or CD11c(+)CD103(+) DC in vitro and in vivo.

CCR7 ligands stimulate the intranodal motility of T lymphocytes in vivo.

In contrast to lymphocyte homing, little is known about molecular cues controlling the motility of lymphocytes within lymphoid organs. Applying intravital two-photon microscopy, we demonstrate that chemokine receptor CCR7 signaling enhances the intranodal motility of CD4(+) T cells. Compared to wild-type (WT) cells, the average velocity and mean motility coefficient of adoptively transferred CCR7-deficient CD4(+) T lymphocytes in T cell areas of WT recipients were reduced by 33 and 55%, respectively.

Reconstructive memory bias in recall of neuropsychological symptomatology.

Subjective recall of symptoms among nonlitigants with closed-head and back injuries and non-injured participants with high and low levels of life stressors was evaluated. All participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and a symptom checklist. Recall of symptoms by participants with closed-head and back injuries was consistent with perceptions of being worse now than they were before their injuries.

Neuropsychological toxicology of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate: a report of five cases.

The neuropsychological functioning of five men suffering alleged physical, cognitive and behavioural changes following exposure to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), an industrial chemical, was investigated in the present study. At the time of assessment, four of the five patients remained symptomatic despite having no contact with MDI for periods ranging from 5 to 9 months. All patients reported experiencing subjective symptoms consisting of respiratory distress, headaches, depression, irritability, forgetfulness, decreased calculating ability, word-finding problems and reduced concentration.

Neuropsychological sequelae of methyl bromide: a case study.

Methyl bromide (MB) is a pesticide used primarily as a fumigating agent for homes, storage vehicles and soil. Chronic exposure to MB is known to cause damage to the central nervous system and other organs. Previously published post-mortem studies have also revealed significant brain abnormalities in patients whose deaths were attributed to MB.

Effects of sophistication and motivation on the detection of malingered memory performance using a computerized forced-choice task.

The present study employed a computerized forced-choice recognition memory task, the Multi-Digit Memory Test (MDMT), to examine the effects of instructional set (i.e., dissimulation information provided subjects) and motivation (i.

Remediation of alexia without agraphia: a case study.

Following a left temporoparietal-occipital haemorrhage and surgery, a 43-year-old, right-handed male exhibited alexia without agraphia. A remediation programme consisted of training in head turning to compensate for a right visual field defect, letter-by-letter reading aloud and covertly, drill with flash-cards to improve word recognition and practice in naming objects to improve dysnomia. The patient's reading improved markedly over a 6-week period and he was able to resume work as a respiratory therapy supervisor.

Lateralized cerebral dysfunction in early and late stage alcoholics.

The neuroanatomical consequences of chronic alcohol ingestion were investigated using verbal and nonverbal neuropsychological measures known to be sensitive to the integrity of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, respectively. The performances of a group of 15 men alcoholics with a self-reported drinking history of less than 10 years and a group of 15 men alcoholics with a self-reported drinking history of 10 or more years were compared to that of a group of 15 men nonalcoholic controls. A multiple covariate analysis was done prior to analyzing group differences to determine what influence three covariates (age, education and socioeconomic status) had on the group performances.

The relationship between neuropsychological functioning and psychopathology in temporal lobe epileptic patients.

With the use of Goldberg's method of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) analysis, evidence has been recently provided of a positive relationship between psychopathology and deficits in neuropsychological functioning in epileptic patients. The present study attempted to replicate this finding using more precise and appropriate criteria for grouping patients according to severity of neuropsychological impairment. Application of Goldberg's MMPI Rules to 34 temporal lobe epileptic patients grouped according to their neuropsychological status (nonimpaired or impaired) failed to support these findings.