Clinical, Preclinical, and Educational Applications of Robotic-Assisted Flap Reconstruction and Microsurgery: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Microsurgery and super-microsurgery allow for highly technical reconstructive surgeries to be performed, with repairs of anatomical areas of less than 1 mm. Robotic-assisted surgery might allow for further advances within microsurgery, providing higher precision, accuracy, and scope to operate in previously inaccessible anatomical areas. However, robotics is not well-established within this field.

The emerging role of robotics in plastic and reconstructive surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The role of robotics has grown exponentially. There is an active interest amongst practitioners in the transferability of the potential benefits into plastic and reconstructive surgery; however, many plastic surgeons report lack of widespread implementation, training, or clinical exposure. We report the current evidence base, and surgical opportunities, alongside key barriers, and limitations to overcome, to develop the use of robotics within the field.

A comparison of commercially available synthetic skin substitutes for surgical simulation training.

Objective: Simulation training provides an important opportunity to accelerate surgical skills acquisition whilst safeguarding patients. This study compares the suitability of different synthetic skin substitutes for use in surgical simulation training.

Design: Data was collected for eight commercially available synthetic skin substitutes and included cost, delivery time, subjective assessment of fidelity by surgeons and trainees, and objective comparison with the biomechanics of human skin was made through cutometry and durometry measurements.

Course Review: Yorkshire Microsurgery Course 2023.

Microsurgery is an advanced set of techniques that require a high level of skill to be performed safely. Surgical skills courses offer safe environments for practice in such skills and form a fundamental part of surgical training. The Yorkshire Microsurgery Course is a 3-day course at Bradford Royal Infirmary, United Kingdom.

The intraoperative use of augmented and mixed reality technology to improve surgical outcomes: A systematic review.

Background: This systematic review aims to critically appraise the intraoperative use of augmented and mixed reality technology to improve surgical outcomes.

Method: A literature search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP was performed in accordance with Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.

Patient-reported outcome and cost implication of acute salvage of infected implant-based breast reconstruction with negative pressure wound therapy with Instillation (NPWTi) compared to standard care.

Introduction: Implant loss due to infection is the most devastating complication of implant-based breast reconstruction. The use of negative pressure wound therapy with instillation(NPWTi) for salvage of infected implant-based breast reconstructions has shown promising results allowing early reinsertion of a new implant as an alternative to the current management with delayed reinsertion. This study compares the patient-reported outcome and cost implication of NPWTi to the current management.

Safety of Large-Volume Liposuction in Aesthetic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background: Current literature clearly outlines the complication rates of liposuction in general; however, data specific to large-volume liposuction (LVL) remain unclear.

Objectives: The authors aimed to synthesize the current evidence on the safety of LVL with this systematic review.

Methods: A comprehensive search in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases was conducted for primary clinical studies reporting on safety or complications related to aesthetic LVL from 1946 to March 2020.

Phosphodiesterase inhibition and modulation of corticostriatal and hippocampal circuits: Clinical overview and translational considerations.

The corticostriatal and hippocampal circuits contribute to the neurobiological underpinnings of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Based on biological function, these circuits can be clustered into motor circuits, associative/cognitive circuits and limbic circuits. Together, dysfunctions in these circuits produce the wide range of symptoms observed in related neuropsychiatric disorders.

Ketamine decreases sensitivity of male rats to misleading negative feedback in a probabilistic reversal-learning task.

Rationale: Depression is characterized by an excessive attribution of value to negative feedback. This imbalance in feedback sensitivity can be measured using the probabilistic reversal-learning (PRL) task. This task was initially designed for clinical research, but introduction of its rodent version provides a new and much needed translational paradigm to evaluate potential novel antidepressants.

Phosphodiesterase Inhibition and Regulation of Dopaminergic Frontal and Striatal Functioning: Clinical Implications.

Background: The fronto-striatal circuits are the common neurobiological basis for neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette's syndrome. Fronto-striatal circuits consist of motor circuits, associative circuits, and limbic circuits. All circuits share 2 common features.

Object memory enhancement by combining sub-efficacious doses of specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

The second messengers cGMP and cAMP have a vital role in synaptic plasticity and memory processes. As such, phosphodiesterases inhibitors (PDE-Is), which prevent the breakdown of these cyclic nucleotides, represent a potential treatment strategy in memory decline. Recently it has been demonstrated that cGMP and cAMP signaling act in sequence during memory consolidation, with early cGMP signaling requiring subsequent cAMP signaling.

Improved long-term memory via enhancing cGMP-PKG signaling requires cAMP-PKA signaling.

Memory consolidation is defined by the stabilization of a memory trace after acquisition, and consists of numerous molecular cascades that mediate synaptic plasticity. Commonly, a distinction is made between an early and a late consolidation phase, in which early refers to the first hours in which labile synaptic changes occur, whereas late consolidation relates to stable and long-lasting synaptic changes induced by de novo protein synthesis. How these phases are linked at a molecular level is not yet clear.

Mortality in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE).

The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is three; SMR increases to six in case of renal involvement. Up to now data on survival in case of neuropsychiatric involvement in SLE (NPSLE) have been scarce, therefore we calculated an SMR for NPSLE. Furthermore, we identified characteristics that influenced survival by Cox regression analyses.

Demyelinating disease in SLE: is it multiple sclerosis or lupus?

Among the 12 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related central nervous system (CNS) syndromes defined by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), demyelinating syndrome and myelopathy are two of the less prevalent and more poorly understood ones. One important issue concerning demyelinating disease in SLE is that it can be easily misdiagnosed with other central nervous system demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). A clinically isolated neurological syndrome can be the presenting feature before other concomitant symptoms of SLE appear or definite MS is diagnosed.

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone improves memory consolidation processes in rats and mice.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a crucial regulator of neuronal survival and neuroplasticity in the central nervous system (CNS). As a result, there has been a growing interest in the role of BDNF in neuropsychiatric disorders associated with neurodegeneration, including depression and dementia. However, until now, BDNF-targeting therapies have yielded disappointing results.

Neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology and radiology pointing to an immune-mediated cause.

Background: Different pathogenetic pathways have been proposed for neuropsychiatric (NP) manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Objective: To describe the patient characteristics of a large cohort of patients with SLE with NP manifestations (NPSLE) in a single centre and to review whether these and other data are compatible with immune-mediated mechanisms.

Methods: A total of 212 patients were identified from MRI scans of the brain ordered for suspected NPSLE.

Cerebral atrophy in elderly with subjective memory complaints.

Purpose: To evaluate ventricular shape differences along the complete surface of the lateral and third ventricles of persons with subjective memory complaints (MC).

Materials And Methods: We included 28 controls and 21 persons with MC. FLAIR, T2, and PD-weighted brain MRI scans were acquired at 1.

Phosphodiesterases in neurodegenerative disorders.

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are responsible for the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). As such, they are crucial regulators of levels of cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling. cAMP signaling and cGMP signaling have been associated with neuroplasticity and protection, and influencing their levels in the cell by inhibition of PDEs has become a much studied target for treatment in a wide array of disorders, including neurodegenerative disorders.

Prospective study of clinical phenotypes in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus; multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and therapy.

Objective: To describe clinical phenotypes in neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE).

Methods: Data were prospectively collected in the Leiden NPSLE referral clinic, where patients suspected of having NPSLE are assessed in a standardized multidisciplinary manner. In consensus meetings, all medical specialists agreed on therapeutic strategy based on the suspected pathogenetic mechanism of NPSLE in the individual patient.

Inhibition of phoshodiesterase type 2 or type 10 reverses object memory deficits induced by scopolamine or MK-801.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of phosphodiesterase type 2 (PDE2) and type 10 (PDE10) inhibition on memory function in the object recognition task using the scopolamine- and MK-801-induced memory deficit model. The effects of the PDE2 inhibitor BAY 60-7550 and the PDE10 inhibitor PQ-10 on object recognition performance were investigated in the scopolamine (0.1mg/kg, i.

Object recognition testing: methodological considerations on exploration and discrimination measures.

The object recognition task (ORT) is a popular one-trial learning test for animals. In the current study, we investigated several methodological issues concerning the task. Data was pooled from 28 ORT studies, containing 731 male Wistar rats.

Effects of protein kinase A and G inhibitors on hippocampal cholinergic markers expressions in rolipram- and sildenafil-induced spatial memory improvement.

Although there are number of studies showing that phosphodiesterase (PDE) 4 and 5 inhibitors affect different kinds of memory, their effects on spatial memory consolidation in conjunction with the cholinergic activity in the hippocampus have not been studied before. In the present study firstly, rats were evaluated for the effects of different doses of the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram and the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil on spatial memory consolidation in the water maze task. Rolipram or sildenafil was daily administered intraperitoneally 3 or 0 h after the last trial of training, respectively.

Cerebral microbleeds and cognitive functioning in the PROSPER study.

Objectives: Cerebral microbleeds (MBs) are an important indicator of cerebral small-vessel disease, and their prevalence increases with increasing age. Little is known about the functional consequences of MBs in the aging population. In this study we investigated whether the presence and location of MBs are associated with cognition in the PROSPER study.

GEBR-7b, a novel PDE4D selective inhibitor that improves memory in rodents at non-emetic doses.

Background And Purpose: Strategies designed to enhance cerebral cAMP have been proposed as symptomatic treatments to counteract cognitive deficits. However, pharmacological therapies aimed at reducing PDE4, the main class of cAMP catabolizing enzymes in the brain, produce severe emetic side effects. We have recently synthesized a 3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde derivative, structurally related to rolipram, and endowed with selective PDE4D inhibitory activity.