[Early differential diagnosis and restorative treatment of cerebral palsy].

The article is devoted to an urgent problem of modern neurology - early diagnosis and complex restorative treatment of cerebral palsy (cerebral palsy). Etiological factors and pathogenetic aspects of the formation of various forms of cerebral palsy are considered in detail, as well as modern possibilities of differential diagnosis in children of the first years of life of cerebral palsy and a wide range of pathological conditions (somatic, endocrine, hereditary-conditioned, including hereditary-metabolic and neuromuscular diseases). The leading directions of complex rehabilitation of cerebral palsy are widely presented, taking into account modern standards and clinical recommendations.

[Complex diagnostics and treatment of cognitive dysfunctions in cerebral palsy].

The article details modern approaches to the comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of cognitive dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy. It is shown that cognitive disorders in cerebral palsy are diverse and are represented by disorders of perception, memory, attention, visual-motor coordination, intelligence and speech. Diagnosis of cognitive dysfunctions in patients with cerebral palsy is a difficult task, due to their diverse combination with motor, speech and sensory pathology, which requires an integrated approach.

Clathrate Hydrates of Organic Solvents as Auxiliary Intermediates in Pharmaceutical Research and Development: Improving Dissolution Behaviour of a New Anti-Tuberculosis Drug, Perchlozon.

There is an urgent need for new drugs to overcome the challenge of the ever-growing drug resistance towards tuberculosis. A new, highly efficient anti-tuberculosis drug, Perchlozone (thioureidoiminomethylpyridinium perchlorate, Pz), is only available in an oral dosage form, though injectable forms and inhalation solutions could be better alternatives, offering higher bioavailability. To produce such forms, nano- and micro-particles of APIs would need to be prepared as dispersions with carriers.

Tribochemistry, Mechanical Alloying, Mechanochemistry: What is in a Name?

Over the decades, the application of mechanical force to influence chemical reactions has been called by various names: mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying, to name but a few. The evolution of these terms has largely mirrored the understanding of the field. But what is meant by these terms, why have they evolved, and does it really matter how a process is called? Which parameters should be defined to describe unambiguously the experimental conditions such that others can reproduce the results, or to allow a meaningful comparison between processes explored under different conditions? Can the information on the process be encoded in a clear, concise, and self-explanatory way? We address these questions in this Opinion contribution, which we hope will spark timely and constructive discussion across the international mechanochemical community.

[Cognitive and emotional disorders in university students and teachers: the possibility of treatment with recognan (citicoline)].

Aim: To study the efficacy of recognan (citicoline) in treatment of cognitive, emotional, autonomic, asthenic disorders in university students and teachers.

Material And Methods: Fifty-eight subjects (17 men and 41 women), mean age 27.75±12.

Large porous particles for respiratory drug delivery. Glycine-based formulations.

Large porous particles are becoming increasingly popular as carriers for pulmonary drug delivery with both local and systemic applications. These particles have high geometric diameters (5-30μm) but low bulk density (~0.1g/cm or less) such that the aerodynamic diameter remains low (1-5μm).

Supramolecular architecture of betulin diacetate complexes with arabinogalactan from Larix sibirica.

Supramolecular ensembles of arabinogalactan (AG) and its complexes with betulin diacetate (BDA) were studied in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) using ablation, induced by submillimeter radiation from the free electron laser. Solutions of 1wt% AG resulted in formation of aerosol particles with a maximum size of 60-70nm. In contrast, with DMSO as the solvent, the majority of particles were significantly smaller.

New composites of betulin esters with arabinogalactan as highly potent anti-cancer agents.

Betulin and its esters are the natural compounds with high in vitro cytotoxicity toward many cancer cells. However, the poor water solubility of these compounds has limited their applications. We prepared new composites of betulin esters using two methods, namely ball-milling of the mixtures of betulin esters with arabinogalactan and preparation of thin films of these mixtures by evaporating the aqueous solutions.

Different effects of α- and γ-glycine on the aberrant activity of pyramidal neurons of hippocampal slices.

Experiments in vitro on hippocampal slices of mouse have shown that solutions prepared from polymorphic modifications α- and γ-glycine have different effect on the aberrant activity of neurons. In the presence of α-glycine the excitability of these neurons decreased more slowly, prolonging its modulating effect on NMDA type glutamate receptors. This effect agrees with higher biological activity of α-polymorphic modifications (as compared with that of the α-form) that previously observed with respect to behavior of mice from the line with genetic diathesis to catalepsy, which were used as a biological model for investigation of some pathological behavior forms.

A new method of producing monoclinic paracetamol suitable for direct compression.

Purpose: To develop a technique of obtaining monoclinic polymorph of paracetamol suitable for direct compression without excipients.

Methods: Preparation of spongy monoclinic paracetamol was based on quench-cooling of paracetamol solutions in water-acetone mixtures sprayed into a vessel with liquid nitrogen followed by removal of solvents by freeze-drying. X-ray powder diffraction was used to study annealing of quench-cooled solutions in "paracetamol-acetone-water" and "acetone-water" systems and to find optimum conditions for obtaining fine particles of pure monoclinic paracetamol.

Effects of the alpha- and gamma-polymorphs of glycine on the behavior of catalepsy prone rats.

Glycine is used to treat various health problems and is efficient in the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Since glycine exists as a few polymorphs, the aim of this work is to compare the effects of the alpha- and gamma-forms of glycine on the behavior of the genetic catalepsy (GC) strain of rats. Both polymorphs of glycine have been administered to rats orally as pure solid chemicals, and cataleptic behavior and behaviors in the open-field, elevated plus-maze, and light-dark box tests were studied.

Analgesic effect from Ibuprofen nanoparticles inhaled by male mice.

Background: Aerosol lung administration is a convenient way to deliver water-insoluble or poorly soluble drugs, provided that small-sized particles are generated. Here, for the outbred male mice, we show that the pulmonary administration of ibuprofen nanoparticles requires a dose that is three to five orders of magnitude less than that for the orally delivered particles at the same analgesic effect.

Method: The aerosol evaporation-condensation generator consisted of a horizontal cylindrical quartz tube with an outer heater.

Anti-inflammatory effect from indomethacin nanoparticles inhaled by male mice.

The respiratory system provides entry for drug nanoparticles to cure systemic diseases. The modern devices that are available on the market of therapeutic aerosol delivery systems have a number of disadvantages. There remains a need for an alternative means that is low cost, convenient, and capable of producing small-sized particles.

On the mechanism of solubilization of drugs in the presence of poorly soluble additives.

A model is proposed which describes the solubilization of a poorly soluble drug in the presence of an insoluble excipient which forms an easily soluble compound with the drug. For sulfathiazole-calcium carbonate system as an example, it is demonstrated using sulfathiazole single crystals and powdered samples that the presence of insoluble additive causes an increase in dissolution rate and solubility of the drug.

Topochemistry of the initial stages of the dissolution of single crystals of acetaminophen.

Topochemistry of the initial stages of dissolution of monoclinic single crystals of acetaminophen was studied. Etching pits were identified with the sites of emerging dislocations. Etching of different faces with a solution of ethyl acetate in carbon tetrachloride gave different shapes of etching pits.

[The local manifestations of diphtheria].

The development of diphtheria is characterized by a pronounced local process, but the description of local changes in the disease are based only on postmortem findings. 67 patients with different forms of diphtheria were examined. In 11 cases of descending croup bronchoscopic examination was carried out.

[The organization of the rehabilitation of infectious disease patients in multiple hospital overcrowding].

The Bagram Rehabilitation Centre was deployed to meet the requirements in equal postinfectious management of patients. Its organic structure was as following: command, 8 companies, aid post and supply units. Each company had in its structure 6 combined-arms officers and warrant officers.