Endotoxin Acts Synergistically With Clostridioides difficile Toxin B to Increase Interleukin 1β Production: A Potential Role for the Intestinal Biome in Modifying the Severity of C. difficile Colitis.

Background: Inflammation is a crucial driver of host damage in patients with Clostridioides difficile colitis. We examined the potential for the intestinal microbiome to modify inflammation in patients with C. difficile colitis via the effects of gut-derived endotoxin on cytokine production.