Glutamate as a Stressoric Factor for the Ex Vivo Release of Catecholamines from the Rabbit Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC).

One of the major roles of glutamic acid (Glu) is to serve as an excitatory neurotransmitter within the central nervous system (CNS). This amino acid influences the activity of several brain areas, including the thalamus, brainstem, spinal cord, basal ganglia, and pons. Catecholamines (CAs) are synthesized in the brain and adrenal medulla and by some sympathetic nerve fibers.

Pain, Pathophysiological Mechanisms, and New Therapeutic Options for Alternative Analgesic Agents in Sheep: A Review and Investigation.

Relief from suffering is the guiding principle of medical and veterinary ethics. Medical care for animals should be carried out to meet all welfare conditions. The need for pain management is demonstrated by recent monographs devoting attention to this urgent ethical need.