Co-creation in public health research: an introduction to basic principles.

Co-creation is a participatory design approach that leverages the experiential knowledge of non-academic actors. It is increasingly adopted in public health research to enhance the relevance, acceptability, and impact of interventions. This perspective article provides a practical introduction to co-creation, its application, and benefits and considerations for public health researchers.

The change in food service costs associated with increasing the healthiness of ready-to-eat food provision: A systematic scoping review.

Increasing the healthiness of food retail environments is an identified mechanism to help halt rising rates of diet-related non-communicable diseases. Previous studies on healthy food environment adoption report that retailers' perceptions of loss of profitability and higher food costs are often barriers to change. Despite this, actual changes to profitability and food costs have not been fully explored.

A systems framework for implementing healthy food retail in grocery settings.

Background: Food retailers can be reluctant to initiate healthy food retail activities in the face of a complex set of interrelated drivers that impact the retail environment. The Systems Thinking Approach for Retail Transformation (START) is a determinants framework created using qualitative systems modelling to guide healthy food retail interventions in community-based, health-promoting settings. We aimed to test the applicability of the START map to a suite of distinct healthy food marketing and promotion activities that formed an intervention in a grocery setting in regional Victoria, Australia.

CO-Creation and Evaluation of Food Environments to Advance Community Health (COACH).

Introduction: Food environments are a key determinant of food intake and diet-related health. This paper describes the development of an iterative, adaptive, context-specific framework for health-enabling food environments embedded in cocreation theory.

Methods: A 3-stage multimethod framework for the coproduction and prototyping of public health interventions was followed in an iterative manner during the development of the framework.

Combining systems thinking approaches and implementation science constructs within community-based prevention: a systematic review.

Background: Systems science offers methods for designing population health interventions while implementation science provides specific guidance for successful implementation. Integrating systems and implementation science may strengthen implementation and enhance and sustain systemic change to achieve system-level outcomes. Little is known about the extent to which these two approaches have been integrated to date.

Evaluation of the introduction of a healthy food and drink policy in 13 community recreation centres on the healthiness and nutrient content of customer purchases and business outcomes: An observational study.

Introduction: This observational study assessed the introduction of a comprehensive healthy food and drink policy across 13 community organisation managed aquatic and recreation centres in Victoria, Australia, and the associated changes on business outcomes, and the healthiness of purchases. The policy, based on state government guidelines, mandated that food and drink availability be based on healthiness classification: 'red' (limit) <10%, and 'green' (best choice) >50%, and the remainder 'amber' (choose carefully).

Methods: Six years of monthly sales data were split into three periods, prior to (1/01/2013-31/12/2014), during (1/01/2015-31/12/2016) and post (1/1/2017-31/12/2018), policy implementation.

Calibration of Impairment Severity to Enable Comparison across Somatosensory Domains.

Comparison across somatosensory domains, important for clinical and scientific goals, requires prior calibration of impairment severity. Provided test score distributions are comparable across domains, valid comparisons of impairment can be made by reference to score locations in the corresponding distributions (percentile rank or standardized scores). However, this is often not the case.

The implementation and effectiveness of outlet-level healthy food and beverage accreditation schemes: A systematic review.

Healthy food outlet accreditation schemes represent an avenue for incentivizing food retailers to promote healthy eating patterns by improving the healthiness of food environments. This systematic review aimed to (i) assess the impact of food outlet-level accreditation schemes on outlet practices and customer purchases and (ii) identify barriers and enablers to scheme implementation. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were systematically searched.

Gambling, fast food and alcohol sponsorship in elite sport - perspectives from Australian sporting fans.

Background: Public health bodies in Australia remain concerned about marketing of unhealthy commodities; namely unhealthy food, alcohol and gambling products. Children are particularly susceptible to the influence of unhealthy commodity marketing. This study explored adults' perceptions of unhealthy commodities sponsorship in elite sport and policies to restrict them.

The impact of primary school nutrition policy on the school food environment: a systematic review.

School nutrition policies that aim to address unhealthy diets have been introduced in many countries. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the international literature to determine the impact (overall and by socioeconomic position [SEP]) of primary school nutrition policies on the availability of foods and beverages in schools. Seven databases were searched using keywords and medical subject headings related to nutrition policies and schools.

Understanding Enablers and Barriers to the Implementation of Nutrition Standards in Publicly Funded Institutions in Victoria.

Effective implementation of nutrition standards in publicly funded institutions can facilitate healthy food and beverage consumption by communities and populations, which can enable improvements in dietary intake and reduce disease burden. This study aimed to understand stakeholder perspectives on the implementation of government nutrition standards in publicly funded institutions in the Australian state of Victoria, as well as to determine enablers and barriers to successful implementation. Pre-interview questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were administered to stakeholders involved in the implementation of nutrition standards in publicly funded institutions in Victoria.

A comparative policy analysis of the adoption and implementation of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes (2016-19) in 16 countries.

Taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are recommended as part of comprehensive policy action to prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but have been adopted by only one quarter of World Health Organization (WHO) Member States. This paper presents a comparative policy analysis of recent SSB taxes (2016-19) in 16 countries. This study aimed to analyse the characteristics and patterns of factors influencing adoption and implementation of SSB taxes and policy learning between countries, to draw lessons for future SSB taxes.

Factors Influencing Implementation, Sustainability and Scalability of Healthy Food Retail Interventions: A Systematic Review of Reviews.

The aim of this systematic review of reviews was to synthesise the evidence on factors influencing the implementation, sustainability and scalability of food retail interventions to improve the healthiness of food purchased by consumers. A search strategy to identify reviews published up until June 2020 was applied to four databases. The Risk of Bias in Systematic Review tool was used.

Evaluating the implementation and customer acceptability of a sugar-sweetened beverage reduction initiative in thirty Australian aquatic and recreation centres.

Objective: To assess the feasibility of implementation and customer perspectives of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction initiative across YMCA Victoria aquatic and recreation centres.

Design: Two data sources were used to assess implementation and customer acceptability. Photo audits were used to assess the type of drinks available for purchase 6 months prior to initiative implementation and 6 months after, in thirty centres.

Business outcomes of healthy food service initiatives in schools: A systematic review.

Fear of unfavorable business outcomes, including negative financial impacts, deters implementation of school food service initiatives to support healthy student eating behaviors. There have been no systematic reviews to guide feasible long-term healthy school food initiatives. This review aimed to synthesize evidence on the effect of school food service initiatives on business outcomes, including commercial viability, stakeholder perceptions, customer perceptions, and initiative maintenance and scale-up.

The effect of front-of-package labels or point-of-sale signage on consumer knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding sugar-sweetened beverages: a systematic review.

Context: Globally, the use of labels or signage targeting SSBs remains in its infancy and there is limited evidence available regarding its ability to decrease purchase and consumption of SSBs.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence on the effect of sugar- or health-related sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) warning labels or signage on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs, and SSB purchase and consumption.

Data Sources: Nine databases - Ovid Medline, Emerald Insight, Scopus, Informit, Business Source Complete, CINAHL, Global Health, PsychINFO, and SocIndex - were searched along with grey literature from inception to December 2019.

Implementing a healthy food retail policy: a mixed-methods investigation of change in stakeholders' perspectives over time.

Objectives: To investigate (i) changes in stakeholder commitment and (ii) perceptions of the purpose, challenges and benefits of healthy food and beverage provision in community sports settings during the stepwise implementation of a healthy beverage policy.

Design: Convergent, parallel, mixed-methods design complemented (i) repeat semi-structured interviews with council stakeholders (n 17 interviews, n 6 interviewees), with (ii) repeat quantitative stakeholder surveys measuring Commitment to Organisational Change; (iii) weekly sales data examining health behaviour and revenue effects (15 months pre-intervention; 14 months post-intervention); (iv) customer exit surveys (n 458); and (v) periodic photographic audits of beverage availability. Interviews were analysed inductively.

Barriers and facilitators to implementing a healthier food outlet initiative: perspectives from local governments.

Objective: Local governments have integral roles in contributing to public health. One recent focus has been on how local governments can impact community nutrition by engaging food service outlets to improve their food offer. The Healthier Catering Commitment (HCC) is an initiative where London local governments support takeaways and restaurants to meet centrally defined nutrition criteria on their food options.

Retailer-led healthy pricing interventions: a pilot study within aquatic and recreation centres in Victoria, Australia.

This study aimed to pilot the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of three co-developed healthy food and beverage pricing interventions in a community retail setting. Aquatic and recreation centres in Victoria, Australia were recruited to co-develop and pilot pricing interventions within their onsite cafés, for 15 weeks from January 2019. A mixed method intervention evaluation was conducted.

Policies influencing the provision of healthy food and drinks in local government-owned sport and recreation facilities in Victoria, Australia.

Objective: Sporting facilities owned or managed by local governments (LGs) can promote health by selling healthy food and drinks. This study assessed the policies, attitudes and practices of LGs in Victoria, Australia, relating to obesity prevention and the provision of healthy food in their sporting facilities.

Methods: An online survey was e-mailed to all Victorian LGs (n=79) in July 2018.

The long-term effectiveness and acceptability of the retailer-led removal of unhealthy drinks from display in a self-service café.

Objective: In 2015, beverages were removed from display at a self-service café within a major health service, resulting in fewer purchases of unhealthy beverages. This initiative was continued following initial evaluation of the results. The current study aimed to determine customer acceptability of the initiative, and whether healthier purchases had continued, at 18 months following implementation.

Development and piloting of a Checklist for healthy eating And Physical Activity in the Workplace (CEPAW).

To develop and pilot a tool that assesses the infrastructure and policy workplace environment characteristics that may influence employee healthy eating and physical activity behaviours. A checklist was developed with reference to prior tools and piloted at eight worksites. Piloting of the tool demonstrated that it was generally feasible to use, took 1-2 hours to complete and appeared sensitive to differences between workplace environment characteristics.

Change in drink purchases in 16 Australian recreation centres following a sugar-sweetened beverage reduction initiative: an observational study.

Objective: To assess the impact of a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) reduction initiative on customer purchasing patterns, including volume sales of healthy and unhealthy packaged drinks and sales value of all packaged drinks, in a major Australian aquatic and recreation provider, YMCA Victoria.

Design: Prospective SETTING: 16 aquatic and recreation centres in Victoria, Australia.

Interventions: The SSB-reduction initiative aimed to remove all SSBs (excluding sports drinks) and increase healthier drink availability over a 1-year period.