Genetic Analysis of the Emerging Citrus Yellow Vein Clearing Virus Reveals a Divergent Virus Population in American Isolates.

is a previously reported citrus virus from Asia with widespread distribution in China. In 2022, the California Department of Food and Agriculture conducted a multipest citrus survey targeting multiple citrus pathogens including citrus yellow vein clearing virus (CYVCV). In March 2022, a lemon tree with symptoms of vein clearing, chlorosis, and mottling in a private garden in the city of Tulare, California, tested positive for CYVCV, which triggered an intensive survey in the surrounding areas.

Unraveling the occasional occurrence of berry astringency in table grape cv. Scarlet Royal: a physiological and transcriptomic analysis.

Scarlet Royal, a mid-season ripening table grape, is one of the popular red grape varieties in California. However, its berries develop an undesirable astringent taste under certain conditions. Among the various factors contributing to the degradation of berry attributes, the levels and compositions of polyphenols play a fundamental role in defining berry quality and sensory characteristics.

Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock.

Dwarfed citrus trees for high-density plantings or mechanized production systems will be key for future sustainable citrus production. Citrus trees consist of two different species of scion and rootstock. Therefore, any observed phenotype results from gene expression in both species.

QuantiGene Plex Assay: A Method for High-Throughput Multiplex Citrus Viroid Detection and Identification.

The QuantiGene Plex assay is a molecular non-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based multiplex method adapted for citrus viroid detection and identification. Here, we describe the procedures to utilize the QuantiGene Plex assay as a high-throughput screening tool for viroids in purified or crude RNA extracts from citrus tissues.

Detection of Avocado Sunblotch and Other Viroids Using RNA Filter Paper Capture and RT-PCR.

This method originated due to the need to quickly and sensitively detect Avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) in nursery and field trees in California. Optimum sampling protocols were developed for leaf collection from different sized trees based on size and branching as well as for fruit. An ethanol containing buffered extract from 1 g of ground leaf tissue was used as the source of RNA.

SYBR Green RT-qPCR for the Universal Detection of Citrus Viroids.

Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcription (RT)-qPCR have now become the gold standard for molecular diagnostics because of its sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. In addition, qPCR diagnostics are flexible because they can be scaled for high- or low-throughput applications. Here we describe an optimized assay and workflow for the universal detection of eight citrus viroid species and their variants by RT-qPCR.

High-Throughput RNA Extraction from Citrus Tissues for the Detection of Viroids.

High-throughput nucleic acid extraction is critical for the implementation of modern viroid detection assays. Successful large-scale nursery, field surveys, and other regulatory, quarantine, or research diagnostic programs are increasingly dependent on high-throughput tissue pulverization and nucleic acid extraction protocols. Magnetic bead-based approaches using semi-automated robotic equipment allow high-throughput extraction and purification of high-quality uniform total nucleic acids for each individual sample.

Complete Nucleotide Sequence, Genome Organization, and Comparative Genomic Analyses of Citrus Yellow-Vein Associated Virus (CYVaV).

Citrus yellow-vein disease (CYVD) was first reported in California in 1957. We now report that CYVD is associated with a virus-like agent, provisionally named citrus yellow-vein associated virus (CYVaV). The CYVaV RNA genome has 2,692 nucleotides and codes for two discernable open reading frames (ORFs).

Next-Generation Sequencing Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs in Dwarfed Citrus Trees Infected With Citrus Dwarfing Viroid in High-Density Plantings.

Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) induces stunting on sweet orange trees [ (L.) Osbeck], propagated on trifoliate orange rootstock [ (L.), syn.

An Pipeline for Screening and Selection of Citrus-Associated Microbiota with Potential Anti-" Liberibacter asiaticus" Properties.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive citrus disease that is lethal to all commercial citrus plants, making it the most serious citrus disease and one of the most serious plant diseases. Because of the severity of HLB and the paucity of effective control measures, we structured this study to encompass the entirety of the citrus microbiome and the chemistries associated with that microbial community. We describe the spatial niche diversity of bacteria and fungi associated with citrus roots, stems, and leaves using traditional microbial culturing integrated with culture-independent methods.

Full genome characterization of 12 citrus tatter leaf virus isolates for the development of a detection assay.

Citrus tatter leaf virus (CTLV) threatens citrus production worldwide because it induces bud-union crease on the commercially important Citrange (Poncirus trifoliata × Citrus sinensis) rootstocks. However, little is known about its genomic diversity and how such diversity may influence virus detection. In this study, full-length genome sequences of 12 CTLV isolates from different geographical areas, intercepted and maintained for the past 60 years at the Citrus Clonal Protection Program (CCPP), University of California, Riverside, were characterized using next generation sequencing.

Microsatellite characterization and marker development for the fungus Penicillium digitatum, causal agent of green mold of citrus.

Penicillium digitatum is one of the most important postharvest pathogens of citrus on a global scale causing significant annual losses due to fruit rot. However, little is known about the diversity of P. digitatum populations.

A Pathogen Secreted Protein as a Detection Marker for Citrus Huanglongbing.

The citrus industry is facing an unprecedented crisis due to Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening disease), a bacterial disease associated with the pathogen Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) that affects all commercial varieties. Transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Las colonizes citrus phloem, leading to reduced yield and fruit quality, and eventually tree decline and death. Since adequate curative measures are not available, a key step in HLB management is to restrict the spread of the disease by identifying infected trees and removing them in a timely manner.

A novel citrus viroid found in Australia, tentatively named citrus viroid VII.

A novel citrus viroid was discovered in a non-symptomatic Lisbon lemon (Citrus x limon L. Burm.f.

One-step multiplex RT-qPCR detects three citrus viroids from different genera in a wide range of hosts.

A one-step multiplex reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based on species-specific minor groove binding (MGB) probes, was developed for the simultaneous detection, identification, and quantification of three citrus viroids belonging to different genera. Citrus exocortis viroid (Pospiviroid), Hop stunt viroid (Hostuviroid), and Citrus bark cracking viroid (Cocadviroid) cause a variety of maladies in agriculturally significant crops. Therefore, reliable assays for their detection are essential tools for various government and industry organizations implementing disease management programs.

Functional outcome of gastrointestinal tract and quality of life after esophageal reconstruction of esophagus cancer.

Background/aim: Information about functional outcome and quality of life after esophagectomy and esophageal reconstruction (ER) for the treatment of esophageal cancer, as evaluated by the patients themselves is limited. We aimed to study the post-surgical outcome of such patients to detect for the development of any complications that may arise from the surgery as well as to evaluate their quality of life following the surgery.

Methods: From 1993 to 2003, 240 patients with stage I, II, or III esophageal carcinoma underwent esophagectomy at Razi Teaching Hospital located in the north of Iran.

Antibody responses to recombinant polyomavirus BK large T and VP1 proteins in young kidney transplant patients.

BK virus (BKV)-specific immunity is critical for polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, but antibody responses are incompletely defined. We compared the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HIA) with immunoglobulin G enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to BKV proteins expressed in baculovirus-infected insect cells. N-terminal, internal, and C-terminal domains of the BKV large T antigen (BKLT) were fused to glutathione S-transferase (GST), yielding GST-BKLTD1, GST-BKLTD2, and GST-BKLTD3, respectively.

Human papillomavirus type 16 E2 and E6 are RNA-binding proteins and inhibit in vitro splicing of pre-mRNAs with suboptimal splice sites.

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) genome expresses six regulatory proteins (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, and E7) which regulate viral DNA replication, gene expression, and cell function. We expressed HPV16 E2, E4, E6, and E7 from bacteria as GST fusion proteins and examined their possible functions in RNA splicing. Both HPV16 E2, a viral transactivator protein, and E6, a viral oncoprotein, inhibited splicing of pre-mRNAs containing an intron with suboptimal splice sites, whereas HPV5 E2 did not.

Natural Incidence of Mixed Infections and Experimental Cross Protection Between Two Genotypes of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus.

ABSTRACT Isolates of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV), a member of the genus Tobamovirus, from Nicotiana glauca in southern California fall into two major genotypes, large (TMGMV-L) and small (TMGMV-S), distinguishable by the size of the coat protein (CP) subgenomic RNA. Mixed infections in the field were rare (1.6%), even at sites where both genotypes were common in single infections (62% for TMGMV-S; 37% for TMGMV-L).

Cytomegalovirus and polyomavirus BK posttransplant.

Virus replication and progression to disease in transplant patients is determined by patient-, graft- and virus-specific factors. This complex interaction is modulated by the net state of immunosuppression and its impact on virus-specific cellular immunity. Due to the increasing potency of immunosuppressive regimens, graft rejections have decreased, but susceptibility to infections has increased.

Prospective monitoring of polyomavirus BK replication and impact of pre-emptive intervention in pediatric kidney recipients.

Polyoma BK virus (BKV)-associated nephropathy (PVAN) is a relevant cause of poor renal allograft survival. In a prospective analysis, we monitored BKV DNA in blood and urine samples from 62 consecutive pediatric kidney recipients. In patients with BKV replication, we analyzed the impact of reduction of maintenance immunosuppression on viral load kinetics and PVAN in patients with BKV replication.

Human polyomavirus type 1 (BK virus) agnoprotein is abundantly expressed but immunologically ignored.

Impaired BK virus (BKV)-specific immunity is a key risk factor of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy. We hypothesized that BKV agnoprotein might constitute an important immune target, as it is highly expressed after infection in vitro. We demonstrate abundant expression of BKV agnoprotein in vivo by immunostaining of kidney transplant (KT) biopsy specimens.

Could human papillomaviruses be spread through blood?

The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that require the environment of a differentiating squamous epithelium for their life cycle. HPV infection through abrasion of the skin or sexual intercourse causes benign warts and sometimes cancer. HPV DNA detected in the blood has been interpreted as having originated from metastasized cancer cells.