Larval stress affects adult Drosophila behavior and metabolism.

In this study, we raised the following question: "Does metamorphosis, being a "reboot" of all systems of the organism, erase the changes that occurred at earlier stages of insect development?" To answer this question, we investigated several behavioral, metabolic and neuroendocrine parameters in Drosophila melanogaster imago that had undergone heat stress at the 3rd larval instar (32 °C, 48 h). We discovered that larval stress negatively affected feeding and locomotor behavior, as well as total lipid content in adult flies. At the same time, these flies demonstrated a considerable increase in carbohydrate content and expression level of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway genes, dfoxo, dilp6 and dInR.

Two Old Wild-Type Strains of Can Serve as an Animal Model of Faster and Slower Aging Processes.

Background: provides a powerful platform to study the physiology and genetics of aging, i.e., the mechanisms underpinnings healthy aging, age-associated disorders, and acceleration of the aging process under adverse environmental conditions.

The Role of 20-Hydroxyecdysone in the Control of Carbohydrate Levels in Drosophila melanogaster under Short-Term Heat Stress.

It is known that 20-hydroxyecdysone is one of the most important hormonal regulators of development, reproduction and adaptation to unfavorable conditions in insects. Here, we show for the first time that exogenous 20-hydroxyecdysone increases the content of two main insect carbohydrates, trehalose and glucose, in Drosophila melanogaster females both in normal conditions and under short-term heat stress. It is found that the levels of both trehalose and glucose increase after 39 min of heat exposure and return to their original levels after 1.

Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine Stress Response in and Its Effect on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism.

Response to short-term stress is a fundamental survival mechanism ensuring protection and adaptation in adverse environments. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are stress-related hormones, including biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. In this review we focus on different aspects of the mechanism of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects on the model, discuss the interaction of components of the insulin/insulin-like growth factors signaling pathway and other stress-related hormones, and suggest a detailed scheme of their possible interaction and effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism under short-term heat stress.

Effect on Lipid and Carbohydrate Metabolism.

The effect of maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria on triglyceride and carbohydrate metabolism, starvation resistance and feeding behavior of females was studied. Eight lines of the same nuclear background were investigated; one had no infection and served as the control, and seven others were infected with different strains pertaining to wMel and wMelCS groups of genotypes. Most of the infected lines had a higher overall lipid content and triglyceride level than the control line and their expression of the gene regulating triglyceride catabolism was reduced.

Motus Vita Est: Fruit Flies Need to Be More Active and Sleep Less to Adapt to Either a Longer or Harder Life.

Background: Activity plays a very important role in keeping bodies strong and healthy, slowing senescence, and decreasing morbidity and mortality. models of evolution under various selective pressures can be used to examine whether increased activity and decreased sleep duration are associated with the adaptation of this nonhuman species to longer or harder lives.

Methods: For several years, descendants of wild flies were reared in a laboratory without and with selection pressure.

New Genotype Increasing Heat Stress Resistance of Host Is Characterized by a Large Chromosomal Inversion.

The maternally transmitted endocellular bacteria Wolbachia is a well-known symbiont of insects, demonstrating both negative and positive effects on host fitness. The previously found Wolbachia strain wMelPlus is characterized by a positive effect on the stress-resistance of its host Drosophila melanogaster, under heat stress conditions. This investigation is dedicated to studying the genomic underpinnings of such an effect.

Easy and Effective Method for Extracting and Purifying Genomic DNA.

A number of methods for extracting the DNA of maternally inherited obligate intracellular bacteria from an insect host and its subsequent purification have been described in previous scholarship. As is present in the hosts' organisms in rather low quantities, these techniques used to be quite labor-intensive. For this paper, we analyzed them in detail, searched for a possibility to simplify and accelerate the protocol, and proposed an easy and effective method for isolating DNA from with a purity sufficient for genomic sequencing.

Molecular mechanisms of exceptional lifespan increase of Drosophila melanogaster with different genotypes after combinations of pro-longevity interventions.

Aging is one of the global challenges of our time. The search for new anti-aging interventions is also an issue of great actuality. We report on the success of Drosophila melanogaster lifespan extension under the combined influence of dietary restriction, co-administration of berberine, fucoxanthin, and rapamycin, photodeprivation, and low-temperature conditions up to 185 days in w strain and up to 213 days in long-lived E(z)/w mutants.

Fitness Analysis and Transcriptome Profiling Following Repeated Mild Heat Stress of Varying Frequency in Females.

Understanding how repeated stress affects metabolic and physiological functions in the long run is of crucial importance for evaluating anthropogenic pressure on the environment. We investigated fertility, longevity and metabolism in females exposed to short-term heat stress (38 °C, 1 h) repeated daily or weekly. Daily stress was shown to cause a significant decrease in both fertility and longevity, as well as in body mass and triglyceride (fat) content, but a significant increase in trehalose and glucose content.

[Granulomatous thymitis with stromal amyloidosis].

In a surgically removed thymus of an 18 year old man granulomatous thymitis with lymphoid follicles, amyloidosis, pseudocysts were observed. Rare occurrence of this pathology, difficulty of the diagnosis, absence of the treatment concept make surgery a method of choice.

[Clinical, topographic, and morphological characteristics of pathological processes in the retromolar zone].

Morphological variants of 20 tissue fragments of mandibular retromolar space were analyzed and the data were used for developing a protocol of treatment of difficult eruption of the mandibular third molar using biocomposite materials.

[Secondary glycogenosis (Mauriac's syndrome) in a young man with diabetes mellitus].

A rare observation of secondary glycogenesis in a male of 31 with a long history of irregularly treated diabetes mellitus is described. The diagnosis was established after death and was confirmed histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically.

[Russel bodies in the duodenal mucosa in ulcer disease].

A total of 103 specimens of the duodenum mucosa incised during the resection of the stomach in different variants of the course of peptic ulcer were studied. It was shown that Russell's bodies (RB) in the mucosa's layer proper were formed by cellular elements analogous to immunoglobulinocytes of the lymph nodes and spleen of the laboratory animals which had been subjected to an experimental stimulation of immunogenesis. Peculiar patterns of contacts of RB with the mast cells and possible significance of these contacts are discussed.