Path creation as a discursive process: A study of discussion starters in the field of solar fuels.

When a technology is seen as the right solution to a recognized problem, the development of alternative technologies comes under threat. To secure much-needed resources, proponents of alternative technologies must, in these conditions, restart societal discussion on the status quo, a process at once technological and discursive known as 'path creation'. In this article, we investigate discussion-restarting strategies employed by supporters of emerging technologies in the field of solar fuels, particularly the advocates of a technology referred to as 'artificial photosynthesis'.

Characterisation and mapping of a Globodera pallida resistance derived from the wild potato species Solanum spegazzinii.

A new resistance locus acting against the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida was mapped to chromosome VI in the diploid wild potato species Solanum spegazzinii CPC 7195. The potato cyst nematodes (PCN) Globodera pallida and Globodera rostochiensis are economically important potato pests in almost all regions where potato is grown. One important management strategy involves deployment through introgression breeding into modern cultivars of new sources of naturally occurring resistance from wild potato species.

Resisting Potato Cyst Nematodes With Resistance.

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are economically important pests with a worldwide distribution in all temperate regions where potatoes are grown. Because above ground symptoms are non-specific, and detection of cysts in the soil is determined by the intensity of sampling, infestations are frequently spread before they are recognised. PCN cysts are resilient and persistent; their cargo of eggs can remain viable for over two decades, and thus once introduced PCN are very difficult to eradicate.

A process-based, stage-structured model of potato cyst nematode population dynamics: Effects of temperature and resistance.

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are responsible for large losses in potato yields in many of the world's potato-growing regions. As soil temperatures increase due to climate change, there is potential for faster growth rates of PCN, allowing development of multiple generations in a growing season. We develop a process-based temperature-dependent model representing the life cycle of Globodera pallida, comprising juvenile, adult and cyst/diapause stages.

Potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida.

Taxonomy: Phylum Nematoda; class Chromadorea; order Rhabditida; suborder Tylenchina; infraorder Tylenchomorpha; superfamily Tylenchoidea; family Heteroderidae; subfamily Heteroderinae; Genus Globodera.

Biology: Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are biotrophic, sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. Invasive (second) stage juveniles (J2) hatch from eggs in response to the presence of host root exudates and subsequently locate and invade the host.

The Genomic Impact of Selection for Virulence against Resistance in the Potato Cyst Nematode, .

Although the use of natural resistance is the most effective management approach against the potato cyst nematode (PCN) , the existence of pathotypes with different virulence characteristics constitutes a constraint towards this goal. Two resistance sources, (from ) and from ssp. CPC2802 (from the Commonwealth Potato Collection) are widely used in potato breeding programmes in European potato industry.

The influence of a front-of-pack nutrition label on product reformulation: A ten-year evaluation of the Dutch Choices programme.

Front-of-pack (FoP) labels are regarded as helpful tools to stimulate healthier product reformulation as they are based on nutrient criteria that products should comply with in order to obtain the label. Some FoP labelling programs revise criteria periodically. This is the first study investigating the impact of criteria revisions on product compositions over time.

Parallel Microbial Ecology of and Nematode Species in Scottish Soils.

spp. are endospore forming bacteria which act as natural antagonists to many of the most economically significant plant parasitic nematodes (PPNs). Highly species-specific nematode suppression may be observed in soils containing a sufficiently high density of spp.

Discussion structures as tools for public deliberation.

We propose the use of discussion structures as tools for analyzing policy debates in a way that enables the increased participation of lay stakeholders. Discussion structures are argumentation-theoretical tools that can be employed to tackle three barriers that separate lay stakeholders from policy debates: difficulty, magnitude, and complexity. We exemplify the use of these tools on a debate in research policy on the question of responsibility.

Toward a Validated Competence Framework for Sustainable Entrepreneurship.

Knowledge, skills, and attitudes to manage sustainable development have become significant components of different career paths. Previous research has explored which competencies are needed for future change agents in the field of sustainable development. Sustainable entrepreneurship can be seen as a promising work context in which these competencies are truly at the forefront and enacted.

A Rapid Diagnostic for Detection of Aphelenchoides besseyi and A. fujianensis Based on Real-Time PCR.

Aphelenchoides besseyi and A. fujianensis have been frequently found in mixed populations associated with forage grass seed in Brazil. The morphological similarity between both species has previously led A.

Mapping the H2 resistance effective against Globodera pallida pathotype Pa1 in tetraploid potato.

The nematode resistance gene H2 was mapped to the distal end of chromosome 5 in tetraploid potato. The H2 resistance gene, introduced into cultivated potatoes from the wild diploid species Solanum multidissectum, confers a high level of resistance to the Pa1 pathotype of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. A cross between tetraploid H2-containing breeding clone P55/7 and susceptible potato variety Picasso yielded an F1 population that segregated approximately 1:1 for the resistance phenotype, which is consistent with a single dominant gene in a simplex configuration.

Comparative Genomics of Apomictic Root-Knot Nematodes: Hybridization, Ploidy, and Dynamic Genome Change.

The root-knot nematodes (genus Meloidogyne) are important plant parasites causing substantial agricultural losses. The Meloidogyne incognita group (MIG) of species, most of which are obligatory apomicts (mitotic parthenogens), are extremely polyphagous and important problems for global agriculture. While understanding the genomic basis for their variable success on different crops could benefit future agriculture, analyses of their genomes are challenging due to complex evolutionary histories that may incorporate hybridization, ploidy changes, and chromosomal fragmentation.

Analysis of survival and hatching transcriptomes from potato cyst nematodes, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida.

Potato cyst nematodes (PCNs), Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, cause important economic losses. They are hard to manage because of their ability to remain dormant in soil for many years.

Mitochondrial genome diversity in dagger and needle nematodes (Nematoda: Longidoridae).

Dagger and needle nematodes included in the family Longidoridae (viz. Longidorus, Paralongidorus, and Xiphinema) are highly polyphagous plant-parasitic nematodes in wild and cultivated plants and some of them are plant-virus vectors (nepovirus). The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of the dagger and needle nematodes, Xiphinema rivesi, Xiphinema pachtaicum, Longidorus vineacola and Paralongidorus litoralis were sequenced in this study.

The mitochondrial genome of Globodera ellingtonae is composed of two circles with segregated gene content and differential copy numbers.

Background: The evolution of animal mitochondrial (mt) genomes has resulted in a highly conserved structure: a single compact circular chromosome approximately 14 to 20 kb long. Within the last two decades exceptions to this conserved structure, such as the division of the genome into multiple chromosomes, have been reported in a diverse set of metazoans. We report on the two circle multipartite mt genome of a newly described cyst nematode, Globodera ellingtonae.

The genome of the yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, reveals insights into the basis of parasitism and virulence.

Background: The yellow potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, is a devastating plant pathogen of global economic importance. This biotrophic parasite secretes effectors from pharyngeal glands, some of which were acquired by horizontal gene transfer, to manipulate host processes and promote parasitism. G.

Gene expression changes in diapause or quiescent potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida, eggs after hydration or exposure to tomato root diffusate.

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) need to be adapted to survive in the absence of a suitable host or in hostile environmental conditions. Various forms of developmental arrest including hatching inhibition and dauer stages are used by PPN in order to survive these conditions and spread to other areas. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) (Globodera pallida and G.

A metagenetic approach to determine the diversity and distribution of cyst nematodes at the level of the country, the field and the individual.

Distinct populations of the potato cyst nematode (PCN) Globodera pallida exist in the UK that differ in their ability to overcome various sources of resistance. An efficient method for distinguishing between populations would enable pathogen-informed cultivar choice in the field. Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) annually undertake national DNA diagnostic tests to determine the presence of PCN in potato seed and ware land by extracting DNA from soil floats.

A prospective study of concomitant GLP-1 analogue and insulin use in type 2 diabetes in clinical practice.

Background: A small number of studies have shown a significant reduction in HbA1c, weight and total daily insulin dose when a glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue was added in type 2 diabetes patients already on insulin treatment. Therefore, in a clinical setting, we investigated the effect of adding GLP-1 analogues in patients with type 2 diabetes already using insulin with respect to glycaemic control, body weight and insulin dose.

Methods: In this prospective hospital-based study, we included 125 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes, treated with insulin and with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2, who had started on GLP-1 analogues (liraglutide/exenatide).

Ancient and novel small RNA pathways compensate for the loss of piRNAs in multiple independent nematode lineages.

Small RNA pathways act at the front line of defence against transposable elements across the Eukaryota. In animals, Piwi interacting small RNAs (piRNAs) are a crucial arm of this defence. However, the evolutionary relationships among piRNAs and other small RNA pathways targeting transposable elements are poorly resolved.

Genomic characterisation of the effector complement of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida.

Background: The potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida has biotrophic interactions with its host. The nematode induces a feeding structure - the syncytium - which it keeps alive for the duration of the life cycle and on which it depends for all nutrients required to develop to the adult stage. Interactions of G.