The effect of 3-di-o-tolylguanidine on the level of neurotransmitters in the cerebellum and related disorders of social behavior.

It is common knowledge that the cerebellum is a structure of the central nervous system that influences the processes of balance and motor coordination. Recently its influence on social interactions has also been emphasized. The sigma receptor agonist: 3-di-o-tolylguanidine (DTG) is characterized by high affinity for sigma 1 and sigma 2 receptors, widely distributed in the cerebellum.

Cnicus benedictus: Folk Medicinal Uses, Biological Activities, and In Silico Screening of Main Phytochemical Constituents.

Traditional medicine has long recognized the therapeutic potential of , and recent scientific research has shed light on the pharmacological properties of this plant. The bioactive compounds that can be extracted from it, such as the sesquiterpene lactones arctigenin, arctiin, and cnicin, are very interesting to researchers.In this article, based on available data from pre-clinical and studies, we delve into the pharmacology of the active constituents of this plant to explore its potential therapeutic applications and underlying mechanisms of action.

Fingolimod Modulates the Gene Expression of Proteins Engaged in Inflammation and Amyloid-Beta Metabolism and Improves Exploratory and Anxiety-Like Behavior in Obese Mice.

Obesity is considered a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has become one of the most important health problems, and is also linked with memory and executive function decline. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid that regulates cell death/survival and the inflammatory response via its specific receptors (S1PRs). Since the role of S1P and S1PRs in obesity is rather obscure, we examined the effect of fingolimod (an S1PR modulator) on the expression profile of genes encoding S1PRs, sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1), proteins engaged in amyloid-beta (Aβ) generation (ADAM10, BACE1, PSEN2), GSK3β, proapoptotic Bax, and proinflammatory cytokines in the cortex and hippocampus of obese/prediabetic mouse brains.

Protocatechuic Acid Prevents Some of the Memory-Related Behavioural and Neurotransmitter Changes in a Pyrithiamine-Induced Thiamine Deficiency Model of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in Rats.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg on the development of unfavourable changes in cognitive processes in a pyrithiamine-induced thiamine deficiency (PTD) model of the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) in rats. The effects of PCA were assessed at the behavioural and biochemical levels. Behavioural analysis was conducted using the Foot Fault test (FF), Bar test, Open Field test, Novel Object Recognition test (NOR), Hole-Board test and Morris Water Maze test (MWM).

Long-term Administration of 3-Di-O-Tolylguanidine Modulates Spatial Learning and Memory in Rats and Causes Transition in the Concentration of Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex and Striatum.

The sigma-1 and sigma-2 (σ and σ) receptors are found in high concentrations in the brain, and their altered expression leads to a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. 3-di-tolylguanidine (DTG) stimulates the activity of both of these receptors. We assessed the effects of administering DTG to adult male Sprague Dawley rats on learning and memory consolidation processes and on the levels of neurotransmitters in selected brain structures.

Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters.

Parasites may significantly affect the functioning of the host organism including immune response and gut-brain-axis ultimately leading to alteration of the host behavior. The impact of intestinal worms on the host central nervous system (CNS) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of intestinal infection by the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta on behavior and functions of the CNS in rats.

Dihydroergotamine affects spatial behavior and neurotransmission in the central nervous system of Wistar rats.

Introduction: Dihydroergotamine (DHE) is a derivative of an ergot alkaloid used as an antimigraine medication. Nowadays, ergot alkaloids may still endanger the safety of humans and animals as food or medicine pollutants, but the outcomes of long-term DHE administration on the behaviour and neurotransmission remain undescribed.

Material And Methods: Adult male Wistar Albino Glaxo rats pre-treated orally with DHE for six weeks were investigated to assess the relationship between concentration of neurotransmitters and behavioural response.

Early exposure to paracetamol reduces level of testicular testosterone and changes gonadal expression of genes relevant for steroidogenesis in rats offspring.

In this study, we investigated the effects of early paracetamol treatment on the testicular level of testosterone and expression of genes important for steroid biosynthesis and reproduction in male rats offspring. Rats were continuously exposed to paracetamol at doses of 5 or 15 mg/kg b.w.

Aspalathus linearis infusion affects hole-board test behaviour and amino acid concentration in the brain.

Rooibos tea, brewed using Aspalathus linearis leaves, is a popular South African herbal infusion, but its everyday intake is not fully described in terms of the neuropsychopharmacological outcomes. The cell-protective activity of A. linearis is connected with the ability of reducing glycaemia, inflammation as well as oxidative stress.

Effect of protocatechuic acid on cognitive processes and central nervous system neuromodulators in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and striatum of healthy rats.

Objective: : This study aimed to investigate the influence of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on learning, memory, and central nervous system (CNS) neuromodulators in healthy rats, to analyse whether the procognitive effects of PCA found in animal models of memory impairment and described in the literature occur in healthy individuals.

Methods: : PCA was administered for 48 days at doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg body weight. The cognitive performance was analysed in behavioural tests (open field, novel object recognition, water maze).

Hypothalamus - Response to early paracetamol exposure in male rats offspring.

One of the reasons for using paracetamol during pregnancy is fever. The brain structure responsible for maintaining proper body temperature, but also for controlling some endocrine aspects is hypothalamus. In this study we examined the effect of early pretreatment of paracetamol on hypothalamic neurotransmission in rats' offspring.

Long-term administration of Aspalathus linearis infusion affects spatial memory of adult Sprague-Dawley male rats as well as increases their striatal dopamine content.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Everyday use of the herbal tea rooibos, produced from Aspalathus linearis (Brum.f) Dahlg. (Fabaceae) is customary in South Africa, a continuation of its historical use by indigenous people.

Administration of protocatechuic acid affects memory and restores hippocampal and cortical serotonin turnover in rat model of oral D-galactose-induced memory impairment.

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a phenolic compound believed to have neuroprotective and procognitive activity. d-Galactose (D-Gal) is a sugar, which administered to mammals can induce cognitive deficits. The first aim of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of D-Gal administered orally in inducing cognitive impairment in rats and describe how it affects the concentration of neurotransmitters in rats' brain.

Early paracetamol exposure decreases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in striatum and affects social behaviour and exploration in rats.

The biochemical and behavioral responses to prenatal and early postnatal exposure to paracetamol in rats are not well understood. The effect of daily maternal and early life administration of 5 mg/kg (group P5) or 15 mg/kg paracetamol (group P15) was evaluated in two-month old male rats, relative to control animals receiving tap water (Con). Social behavior and episodic memory were investigated with Social Interaction and Novel Object Recognition (NOR) tests.

Paracetamol - Effect of early exposure on neurotransmission, spatial memory and motor performance in rats.

In the present study we examined the effect of prenatal and early life paracetamol exposure on neurotransmission and its behavioural manifestation in rat male pups. In order to assess the ability of spatial learning and memory consolidation and the level of physical and exploratory activity we conducted a series of behavioural tests: Staircase Test, Hole Board Test and Water Maze. The concentrations of monoamines, metabolites and amino acids were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum.

Cerebellar level of neurotransmitters in rats exposed to paracetamol during development.

Background: The present study was designed to clarify the effect of prenatal and postnatal paracetamol administration on the neurotransmitter level and balance of amino acids in the cerebellum.

Methods: Biochemical analysis to determine the concentration of neurotransmitters in this brain structure was performed on two-month-old Wistar male rats previously exposed to paracetamol in doses of 5 (P5, n=10) or 15mg/kg (P15, n=10) throughout the entire prenatal period, lactation and until the completion of the second month of life, when the experiment was terminated. Control animals were given tapped water (Con, n=10).

Passiflora incarnata L. Improves Spatial Memory, Reduces Stress, and Affects Neurotransmission in Rats.

Passiflora incarnata L. has been used as a medicinal plant in South America and Europe since the 16th century. Previous pharmacological studies focused mainly on the plant's sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant effects on the central nervous system and its supporting role in the treatment of addiction.

Influence of Long-Term Zinc Administration on Spatial Learning and Exploratory Activity in Rats.

Animal brain contains a significant amount of zinc, which is a cofactor for more than 300 enzymes. Moreover, it provides the basis for functioning of more than 2000 transcription factors, and it is necessary for memory formation and learning processes in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation on behavior in 3-month-old rats.

Effect of prenatal and early life paracetamol exposure on the level of neurotransmitters in rats--Focus on the spinal cord.

The present study has examined the influence of the prenatal and early life administration of paracetamol on the level of neurotransmitters in the spinal cord of rat pups. The effect of the drug was evaluated in 2-month old Wistar male rats exposed to paracetamol in doses of 5 (P5, n=9) or 15 mg/kg (P15, n=9) p.o.

Developmental exposure to paracetamol causes biochemical alterations in medulla oblongata.

The effect and safety of prenatal and early life administration of paracetamol - routinely used over-the-counter antipyretic and analgesic medication on monoamines content and balance of amino acids in the medulla oblongata is still unknown. In this study we have determined the level of neurotransmitters in this structure in two-month old Wistar male rats exposed to paracetamol in the dose of 5 (P5, n=10) or 15mg/kg b.w.

Long-term administration of Greek Royal Jelly improves spatial memory and influences the concentration of brain neurotransmitters in naturally aged Wistar male rats.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Royal Jelly (RJ) is a bee-derived product that has been traditionally used in the European and Asian systems of medicine for longevity. RJ has various pharmacological activities that may prevent aging e.g.

Paracetamol impairs the profile of amino acids in the rat brain.

In our experiment we investigated the effect of subcutaneous administration of paracetamol on the levels of amino acids in the brain structures. Male Wistar rats received for eight weeks paracetamol at two doses: 10 mg/kg b.w.

Paracetamol--the outcome on neurotransmission and spatial learning in rats.

The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of subcutaneous (s.c.) paracetamol administration on spatial learning, memory and neurotransmission.

Influence of long-term administration of rutin on spatial memory as well as the concentration of brain neurotransmitters in aged rats.

Background: The present study was designed to investigate the behavioral and neurochemical effects of long-term oral rutin administration to old male WAG rats (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w./day).