Effects of overnight-fasted versus fed-state exercise on the components of energy balance and interstitial glucose across four days in healthy adults.

Unlabelled: Exercise is an essential component of body mass management interventions. Overnight-fasted exercise (FASTex) acutely enhances fat oxidation compared with fed exercise (FEDex). However, consistent FASTex training does not typically further enhance body mass loss, suggesting the induction of energy compensation responses.

Post-exercise dietary macronutrient composition modulates components of energy balance in young, physically active adults.

Unlabelled: The effectiveness of exercise to reduce body mass is typically modest, partially due to energy compensation responses which may be linked to energy substrate availability around exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of manipulating post-exercise energy substrate availability (high carbohydrate/low fat [HCLF] or low carbohydrate/high fat [LCHF] energy replacement) on energy balance components in the short-term (i.e.

Acute appetite and eating behaviour responses to apparatus-free, high-intensity intermittent exercise in inactive women with excess weight.

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) has been shown to transiently suppress appetite, but such exercise has traditionally required the use of specialist apparatus (e.g., cycle ergometer).

Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Sport Performance-Are They Equally Beneficial for Athletes and Amateurs? A Narrative Review.

Omega-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentanoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are receiving increasing attention in sports nutrition. While the usual focus is that of athletes, questions remain if the different training status between athletes and amateurs influences the response to EPA/DHA, and as to whether amateurs would benefit from EPA/DHA supplementation. We critically examine the efficacy of EPA/DHA on performance, recovery and injury/reduced risk of illness in athletes as well as amateurs.

Points-based physical activity: a novel approach to facilitate changes in body composition in inactive women with overweight and obesity.

Background: Physical activity (PA) interventions for the promotion of weight-management may benefit from increased choice and flexibility to overcome commonly-perceived barriers to PA. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a novel "points-based" approach to PA on body composition in inactive women, who are overweight or obese.

Methods: Seventy-six overweight or obese, inactive women were randomly allocated to one of three conditions: 'Points-based' PA (PBPA; 30 "PA points"•week), Structured exercise (StructEx; 150 min moderate-intensity exercise•week) or control (CONT; continue habitual inactive lifestyle) for a 24-week intervention.

Appetite, food intake and gut hormone responses to intense aerobic exercise of different duration.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of acute bouts of high-intensity aerobic exercise of differing durations on subjective appetite, food intake and appetite-associated hormones in endurance-trained males. Twelve endurance-trained males (age = 21 ± 2 years; BMI = 21.0 ± 1.

Very Low Volume Sprint Interval Exercise Suppresses Subjective Appetite, Lowers Acylated Ghrelin, and Elevates GLP-1 in Overweight Individuals: A Pilot Study.

High-intensity exercise has been shown to elicit a transient suppression of appetite and create a more anorexigenic profile of appetite-associated hormones. It is yet to be fully elucidated whether such a response is observed following very low-volume, intermittent exercise at supramaximal intensity in those who are overweight. Eight overweight individuals (BMI 27.

Efficacy of water preloading before main meals as a strategy for weight loss in primary care patients with obesity: RCT.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of water preloading before meals as a weight loss strategy for adults with obesity.

Methods: A two-group randomized controlled trial was conducted in Birmingham, England. Eighty-four adults with obesity were recruited from general practices.

Effects of exercise in the cold on Ghrelin, PYY, and food intake in overweight adults.

Purpose: Exercise in cold water has been shown to simulate postexercise energy intake (EI) in normal-weight individuals. However, the effect of cold exercise on EI in overweight individuals has yet to be examined. The present study investigated the effect of brisk walking in a cold (8°C) and neutral (20°C) environment on postexercise EI and appetite hormone responses.

A novel tool to predict food intake: the Visual Meal Creator.

Subjective appetite is commonly measured using an abstract visual analogue scale (VAS) technique, that provides no direct information about desired portion size or food choice. The purpose of this investigation was to develop and validate a user-friendly tool - the Visual Meal Creator (VIMEC) - that would allow for independent, repeated measures of subjective appetite and provide a prediction of food intake. Twelve participants experienced dietary control over a 5-hour period to manipulate hunger state on three occasions (small breakfast (SB) vs.

Matching energy intake to expenditure of isocaloric exercise at high- and moderate-intensities.

Background: Those seeking to manage their bodyweight use a variety of strategies, but the most common approaches involve attempting to exercise more and/or consume fewer calories. A poor comprehension of the energy cost of exercise and the energy content of food may contribute to weight-gain and the poor success rate of exercise weight-loss interventions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate individuals' ability to consciously match energy intake with energy expenditure after isocaloric exercise at moderate and high intensities.

No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population.

It is often suggested that coffee causes dehydration and its consumption should be avoided or significantly reduced to maintain fluid balance. The aim of this study was to directly compare the effects of coffee consumption against water ingestion across a range of validated hydration assessment techniques. In a counterbalanced cross-over design, 50 male coffee drinkers (habitually consuming 3-6 cups per day) participated in two trials, each lasting three consecutive days.

The effects of high-intensity exercise on neural responses to images of food.

Background: Acute bouts of high-intensity exercise modulate peripheral appetite regulating hormones to transiently suppress hunger. However, the effects of physical activity on central appetite regulation have yet to be fully investigated.

Objective: We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural responses to visual food stimuli after intense exercise and rest.

Is the beneficial effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipaemia partly due to redistribution of blood flow?

Preprandial aerobic exercise lowers postprandial lipaemia (a risk factor for coronary heart disease); however, the mechanisms responsible are still not clear. The present study investigated whether blood flow to skeletal muscle and/or the liver was increased in the postprandial period after exercise, relative to a control trial, and whether this resulted from increased cardiac output or redistribution of flow. Eight overweight inactive males, aged 49.

Is the effect of prior exercise on postprandial lipaemia the same for a moderate-fat meal as it is for a high-fat meal?

Moderate-intensity exercise can lower the TAG response to a high-fat meal; however, the British diet is moderate in fat, and no study to date has compared the effect of such exercise on responses to high-fat and moderate-fat meals. The present work investigated the effect of brisk walking performed 13 h before intake of both high-fat and moderate-fat meals on postprandial plasma TAG concentrations. Eight inactive, overweight men completed four separate 2 d trials, i.

Effect of beverage glucose and sodium content on fluid delivery.

Background: Rapid fluid delivery from ingested beverages is the goal of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and sports drinks.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of increasing carbohydrate and sodium content upon fluid delivery using a deuterium oxide (D2O) tracer.

Design: Twenty healthy male subjects were divided into two groups of 10, the first group was a carbohydrate group (CHO) and the second a sodium group (Na).

Changes in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity following 2 weeks of daily cinnamon ingestion in healthy humans.

Cinnamon can improve fasting glucose in humans yet data on insulin sensitivity are limited and controversial. Eight male volunteers (aged 25 +/- 1 years, body mass 76.5 +/- 3.

Plasma deuterium oxide accumulation following ingestion of different carbohydrate beverages.

Optimal fluid delivery from carbohydrate solutions such as oral rehydration solutions or sports drinks is essential. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a beverage containing glucose and fructose would result in greater fluid delivery than a beverage containing glucose alone. Six male subjects were recruited (average age (+/-SD): 22 +/- 2 y).

The effect of steady state exercise on circulating human IgE and IgG in young healthy volunteers with known allergy.

Allergy prevalence in the general population has been increasing since the 1980s and there is increasing evidence of a higher incidence of allergy or asthma in elite athletes. For individuals suffering from allergy to airborne allergens, such as pollen, exercise may exacerbate their condition due to increased ventilation during exercise. The effect of an acute steady state moderate intensity exercise task on circulating immunoglobulin E was therefore assessed in volunteers with known allergy.

The effect of feeding frequency on insulin and ghrelin responses in human subjects.

Recent work shows that increased meal frequency reduces ghrelin responses in sheep. Human research suggests there is an interaction between insulin and ghrelin. The effect of meal frequency on this interaction is unknown.

Effects of short-term cinnamon ingestion on in vivo glucose tolerance.

Aims: Various spices display insulin-potentiating activity in vitro, and in particular, cinnamon spice and its phenolic extracts have been shown to exhibit these capabilities. In vivo study shows that cinnamon may have beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis; therefore the aim of this study was to further investigate this phenomenon in humans.

Methods: Seven lean healthy male volunteers, aged 26 +/- 1 years, body mass index 24.

Dose-response effects of ingested carbohydrate on exercise metabolism in women.

Purpose: The effect of different quantities of carbohydrate (CHO) intake on CHO metabolism during prolonged exercise was examined in endurance-trained females.

Method: On four occasions, eight females performed 2 h of cycling at approximately 60% .VO2max with ingestion of beverages containing low (LOW, 0.

Elevated plasma interleukin-6 levels in trained male triathletes following an acute period of intense interval training.

The aim of the present study was to investigate possible changes in the plasma IL-6 levels, subjective reporting of sources and symptoms of stress and the innate immune system in response to an acute period of intensified run training in highly trained endurance athletes. Eight healthy endurance trained male subjects (mean +/- SD age 23 +/- 2 years, VO(2max) 64.8 +/- 2.

Leukocyte heat shock protein expression before and after intensified training.

The purpose of the current research was to test the hypothesis that exercise induced leukocyte heat shock protein (HSP) expression is increased during periods of intensified exercise training. Seven male endurance cyclists carried out tests of maximal oxygen consumption and endurance capacity. These standard exercise tests were carried out prior to and following 6 days of prescribed intensified training.

The effect of exercise training on the kinetics of the antibody response to influenza vaccination.

The significance of in vitro changes in immune function accompanying exercise training is unclear. To determine the effect of exercise on the response of the intact immune system to a challenge in vivo, we measured the speed and overall immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to influenza vaccination in humans engaged in different intensities of activity. Male participants (n = 21) were split into heavy and light training groups.