COVID-19: using chest CT of major trauma patients to monitor and evaluate the second wave in London and the development of routine monitoring in practice.

Aim: To follow-up previous work evaluating incidental findings of COVID-19 signs on computed tomography (CT) images of major trauma patients to include the second wave prior to any major effects from vaccines.

Materials And Methods: The study population included all patients admitted following major trauma between 1 January 2020 and 28 February 2021 with CT including the lungs (n=1776). Major trauma patients admitted pre-COVID-19 from alternate months from January 2019 to November 2019 comprised a control group (n=837).

COVID-19: using chest CT of major trauma patients to monitor and evaluate the effect of lockdown and the importance of household size.

Aim: To use theory and practice to show how disease progression and regression can be described pre- and post-lockdown using an attack-sustain-decline-respite (ASDR) model and investigate how pre-lockdown disease prevalence and household size impacts on the effectiveness of lockdown.

Materials And Methods: Computed tomography (CT) scans from major trauma patients (considered as a random population sample) from the radiology department of St George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, London, have been used to explore COVID-19 disease at the population level.

Results: At lockdown on 23 March 2020 in the catchment area of St George's University Hospitals NHS Trust, an earlier paper showed that there was a high prevalence of disease of >20%.

COVID-19: could CT provide the best population level biomarker? Incidental COVID-19 in major trauma patients suggests higher than predicted rates of infection in London.

Aim: To evaluate incidental findings in major trauma patients, and to explore whether computed tomography (CT) could be used to assess prevalence and estimate disease spread in the general population.

Materials And Methods: The study population included all patients admitted following major trauma between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2020 with CT including the lungs (n=523). Major trauma patients admitted pre-COVID-19 from 1-31 January and 1-31 March 2019 comprised a control group (n=252).

An analysis of screen-detected invasive cancers by grade in the English breast cancer screening programme: are we failing to detect sufficient small grade 3 cancers?

Objective: Randomised controlled trials have shown a reduction in breast cancer mortality from mammography screening and it is the detection of high-grade invasive cancers that is responsible for much of this effect. We determined the detection rates of invasive cancers by grade, size and type of screen and estimated relative sensitivities with emphasis on grade 3 detection.

Methods: This observational study analysed data from over 11 million screening episodes (67,681 invasive cancers) from the English NHS breast screening programme over seven screening years 2009/2010 to 2015/2016 for women aged 45-70.

Correction to: An analysis of 11.3 million screening tests examining the association between recall and cancer detection rates in the English NHS breast cancer screening programme.

The original version of this article, published on 04 February 2019, unfortunately contained a mistake.

An analysis of 11.3 million screening tests examining the association between needle biopsy rates and cancer detection rates in the English NHS Breast Cancer Screening Programme.

Aim: To examine the association between recall, needle biopsy, and cancer detection rates to inform the setting of target ranges to optimise the benefit to harm ratio of breast screening programmes.

Materials And Methods: Annual screening programme information from 2009/10 to 2015/16 for the 80 screening units of the English National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (totalling 11.3 million screening tests) was obtained from annual (KC62) returns.

An analysis of 11.3 million screening tests examining the association between recall and cancer detection rates in the English NHS breast cancer screening programme.

Objective: To develop methods to model the relationship between cancer detection and recall rates to inform professional standards.

Methods: Annual screening programme information for each of the 80 English NHSBSP units (totalling 11.3 million screening tests) for the seven screening years from 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2016 and some Dutch screening programme information were used to produce linear and non-linear models.

Screen-detected and interval colorectal cancers in England: Associations with lifestyle and other factors in women in a large UK prospective cohort.

Faecal occult blood (FOB) - based screening programmes for colorectal cancer detect about half of all cancers. Little is known about individual health behavioural characteristics which may be associated with screen-detected and interval cancers. Electronic linkage between the UK National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in England, cancer registration and other national health records, and a large on-going UK cohort, the Million Women Study, provided data on 628,976 women screened using a guaiac-FOB test (gFOBt) between 2006 and 2012.

Association of ten gastrointestinal and other medical conditions with positivity to faecal occult blood testing in routine screening: a large prospective study of women in England.

Background: In 2006, the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) in England began offering biennial faecal occult blood testing (FOBt) at ages 60-69 years. Although FOBt is aimed at detecting colorectal neoplasms, other conditions can affect the result. In a large UK prospective study, we examined associations, both before and after screening, between FOBt positivity and 10 conditions that are often associated with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Factors affecting adenoma detection rate in a national flexible sigmoidoscopy screening programme: a retrospective analysis.

Background: A national colorectal cancer screening programme started in England in 2013, offering one-off flexible sigmoidoscopy to all men and women aged 55 years in addition to the biennial faecal occult blood testing programme offered to all individuals aged 60-74 years. We analysed data from six pilot flexible sigmoidoscopy screening centres to examine factors affecting the adenoma detection rate (ADR).

Methods: We did a retrospective analysis of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening procedures performed in individuals aged 55 years at six pilot sites in England as part of the National Health Service Bowel Scope Screening programme.

Impact of Digital Mammography on Cancer Detection and Recall Rates: 11.3 Million Screening Episodes in the English National Health Service Breast Cancer Screening Program.

Purpose To report the impact of changing from screen-film mammography to digital mammography (DM) in a large organized national screening program. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected annual screening data from 2009-2010 to 2015-2016 for the 80 facilities of the English National Health Service Breast Cancer Screening Program, together with estimates of DM usage for three time periods, enabled the effect of DM to be measured in a study of 11.3 million screening episodes in women aged 45-70 years (mean age, 59 years).

An Evaluation of the Pharmacodynamics, Safety, and Tolerability of the Potassium Binder RDX7675.

Hyperkalemia is common in patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease, particularly those taking renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, and can cause arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. The most widely used treatment, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), limits gastrointestinal potassium absorption, but has poor palatability. RDX7675 (RDX227675) is the calcium salt of a reengineered polystyrene sulfonate-based resin with improved palatability over SPS.

Association between Screening Mammography Recall Rate and Interval Cancers in the UK Breast Cancer Service Screening Program: A Cohort Study.

Purpose To determine whether low levels of recall lead to increased interval cancers and the magnitude of this effect. Materials and Methods The authors retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data from the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme during a 36-month period (April 1, 2005 to March 31, 2008), with 3-year follow-up in women aged 50-70 years. Data on recall, cancers detected at screening, and interval cancers were available for each of the 84 breast screening units and for each year (n = 252).

Role of performance metrics in breast screening imaging - where are we and where should we be?

The NHS Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) was started in 1988 and is a large, organised cancer screening programme. It is delivered by 80 services across England and screens over 2 million women each year. As a screening programme, it must balance the detection of cancers against possible harm to women who do not have cancer.

Evaluation of the Pharmacodynamic Effects of the Potassium Binder RDX7675 in Mice.

Introduction: Hyperkalemia is a common complication in patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease, particularly those who are taking inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. RDX7675, the calcium salt of a reengineered polystyrene sulfonate-based resin, is a potassium binder that is being investigated as a novel treatment for hyperkalemia. This study evaluated the pharmacodynamic effects of RDX7675 in mice, compared to 2 current treatments, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS) and patiromer.

Disability and participation in breast and bowel cancer screening in England: a large prospective study.

Background: There is limited information about participation in organised population-wide screening programmes by people with disabilities.

Methods: Data from the National Health Service routine screening programmes in England were linked to information on disability reported by the Million Women Study cohort participants.

Results: Of the 473 185 women offered routine breast or bowel cancer screening, 23% reported some disability.

Palatability and physical properties of potassium-binding resin RDX7675: comparison with sodium polystyrene sulfonate.

Background: Hyperkalemia is a potentially life-threatening condition that patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease, especially those taking renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, are at high risk of developing. Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS), a current treatment, binds potassium within the gastrointestinal tract to reduce potassium absorption. However, poor palatability limits its long-term use.

Heterogeneity of colorectal cancer risk by tumour characteristics: Large prospective study of UK women.

Associations between behavioural and other personal factors and colorectal cancer risk have been reported to vary by tumour characteristics, but evidence is inconsistent. In a large UK-based prospective study we examined associations of 14 postulated risk factors with colorectal cancer risk overall, and across three anatomical sites and four morphological subtypes. Among 1.

Evaluation of colonoscopy performance based on post-procedure bleeding complications: application of procedure complexity-adjusted model.

Background And Study Aim: High quality colonoscopy requires low complication rates. However in quality assurance, evaluation of individual colonoscopist complication rates is limited because complications are relatively rare events and there is variation in average procedure complexity. The aim of the study was to develop a quality system that adjusted for procedure complexity to monitor bleeding adverse events at both the screening center and colonoscopist levels.

Nationwide bowel cancer screening programme in England: cohort study of lifestyle factors affecting participation and outcomes in women.

Background: In 2006, the National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme in England (NHSBCSP) began offering routine population-based biennial faecal occult blood testing (FOBt) at ages 60-69. There is, however, limited information on how characteristics of individuals affect participation and outcomes of screening, and we studied this association by linking NHSBCSP data to a large prospective cohort of women.

Methods: Electronic linkage of the NHSBCSP and Million Women Study records identified 899 166 women in the study cohort with at least one invitation for screening.

Sustained efficacy of a single intra-articular dose of FX006 in a rat model of repeated localized knee arthritis.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a single intra-articular (IA) dose of FX006, an extended-release formulation of triamcinolone acetonide (TCA) in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, on the sequelae of repeated episodes of synovitis.

Design: Three flares of localized synovitis in the right knee of rats were induced over 4 weeks following a single IA injection of various doses of FX006, Kenalog(®) (TCA immediate release or TCA IR), or vehicle. Gait scores were employed to assess analgesic effect, and the joints were evaluated by histology at the end of the study.

Optimising faecal occult blood screening:retrospective analysis of NHS Bowel Cancer Screening data to improve the screening algorithm.

Background: Colorectal neoplasia causes bleeding, enabling detection using Faecal Occult Blood tests (FOBt). The National Health Service (NHS) Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) guaiac-based FOBt (gFOBt) kits contain six sample windows (or 'spots') and each kit returns either a positive, unclear or negative result. Test kits with five or six positive windows are termed 'abnormal' and the subject is referred for further investigation, usually colonoscopy.

Risk factors for adverse events related to polypectomy in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme.

Background And Study Aims: The English National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (NHSBCSP) is one of the world's largest organized screening programs. Minimizing adverse events is essential for any screening program. Study aims were to determine rates and to examine risk factors for adverse events.

Colonoscopic factors associated with adenoma detection in a national colorectal cancer screening program.

Background And Study Aims: Adenoma detection is a key objective of colonoscopy, particularly in the context of colorectal cancer screening. The aim of this observational study was to identify the technical colonoscopy factors associated with adenoma detection.

Patients And Methods: The study analyzed data from the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme.