Half a century of rising extinction risk of coral reef sharks and rays.

Sharks and rays are key functional components of coral reef ecosystems, yet many populations of a few species exhibit signs of depletion and local extinctions. The question is whether these declines forewarn of a global extinction crisis. We use IUCN Red List to quantify the status, trajectory, and threats to all coral reef sharks and rays worldwide.

Mitochondrial DNA genome evidence for the existence of a third divergent lineage in the western Atlantic Ocean for the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas).

We report for the first time a highly divergent lineage in the Caribbean Sea for the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) based on the analysis of 51 mitochondrial DNA genomes of individuals collected in the western North Atlantic. When comparing the mtDNA control region obtained from the mitogenomes to sequences reported previously for Brazil, the Caribbean lineage remained highly divergent. These results support the existence of a discrete population in Central America due to a phylogeographic break separating the Caribbean Sea from the western North Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and South America.

Assessment of tissue damage due to percutaneous nephrolithotomy using serum concentrations of inflammatory mediators.

Objectives: To determine the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) effects on the tissues using the quantification of inflammatory mediators, and to assess their impact on the development of postoperative complications.

Patients And Methods: Prospective observational non-randomized study on 40 patients underwent to PCNL. 50 patients with kidney stone who were treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were used as control group.

Strong population structure and shallow mitochondrial phylogeny in the banded guitarfish, Zapteryx exasperata (Jordan y Gilbert, 1880), from the Northern Mexican Pacific.

The northern Mexican Pacific (NMP), the Gulf of California (GC), and Baja California have been recognized as an ecological and evolutionarily dynamic region having experienced significant tectonic and climatic changes leading to the diversification of terrestrial and marine biotas. Zapteryx exasperata is a predominant ray caught in the artisanal fisheries of the NMP. Morphometric and reproductive differences between rays from the GC and the Pacific coast of Baja California (PCBC) regions suggest the presence of distinct populations.

Rupture of the superficial vein of penis: therapeutic options.

Objective: To report an uncommon clinical case of spontaneous rupture of the superficial dorsal vein of penis.

Method: A 27-year-old male patient attended the emergency room following spontaneous occurrence of a large hematoma and deformity in the penis. Rupture of cavernous bodies was initially suspected.

Bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy as treatment for severe hemorrhagic cystitis.

Objective: To report a case of severe hemorrhagic cystitis successfully treated by bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy.

Methods: The case of a 67-year-old female patient who had monosymptomatic gross hematuria with clots is reported.

Results: Standard conservative treatments failed and the patient developed a clot-retention plugged bladder.

[Splenosis simulating a renal mass].

Objective: To report a case of splenosis and to review its diagnosis and treatment in the related literature.

Method: We report the case of an asymptomatic 49-year-old man with splenectomy performed when he was 22. Lumbo-sacral MRI showed a left perirenal mass probably with renal origin.

[Emphysematous cystitis: case report].

Objective: To report one case of emphysematous cystitis and to review its diagnosis and treatment in the related literature.

Method: We report the case of a type II diabetic 91-year-old woman with jaundice, hematuria, vomits, abdominal pain and poor glycemia control. Diagnosis was obtained by plain abdominal X-ray and ultrasonography, and confirmed by CT.

[Appendiceal mucocele misdiagnosed with infected urachal cyst: a differential diagnosis to keep in mind].

Objective: To report one case of appendiceal mucocele misdiagnosed with an infected urachal cyst and to review their differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Patient: We report the case of a 74-year-old-male with abdominal pain, fever and dysuria. Hypogastric abscess image in ultrasonography and CT.

[Diet and reproduction of the main fish species from the Mesay river (Colombian Amazon region) during the flooding season].

The diet and reproduction of fish communities in three biotopes (river, stream, and lake) of the Mesay floodplain-river complex (Puerto Abeja, Serrania de Chiribiquete National Natural Park, Caquetá, Colombia) were sampled during the "high water" level or flooding period. A total of 79 species of fishes from 15 families and four orders were collected between July and September 2000. The most important items in their diet were fruits and seeds.

[Gunshot bladder trauma: case report and literature review].

Objective: To report one case of gunshot bladder trauma and to review its diagnosis and treatment in the related literature.

Methods: We report the case of a 43-year-old-male with an abdominal firearm wound and gross haematuria. Imaging diagnosis by abdominal and pelvic CT and CT-cystography.

[Brucella orchyoepididymitis: case report].

Objectives: To report one case of unilateral acute orchiepididymitis due to Brucella and to review its diagnosis and treatment in the related literature.

Method: We report the case of a 37-year-old-male with undulant fever, scrotal pain and swelling and osteoarticular involvement. Diagnosis was obtained by anamnesis, blood cultures and specific serologic tests for Brucella.

[Atypical sites of metastatic renal carcinoma. Literature review].

Objective: To review in the literature atypical sites of metastatic renal cell carcinoma, its onset, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

Methods: To review, using Medline database, atypical sites of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the last five years Spanish literature.

Results: There have been published 15 spanish articles about atypical metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the last five years.

[Surgical complications after kidney transplantation. Research based on 185 cases].

Objective: To analyze the incidence of surgical complications its diagnosis and treatment after renal transplantation.

Methods: A retrospective study measuring the incidence of surgical complications and reviewing its diagnosis and treatment in 185 renal single transplants.

Results: 185 transplants, 27% had surgical complications.

[Testicular torsion: which suture should be used?].

We report a case of left testicular torsion four months after a similar homolateral case in which we did detorsion and bilateral fixation of both testicles. The antecedent orchiopexy was accomplished using 3-0 silk and transseptal fixation of the contralateral testicle. A history of bilateral orchiopexy should nor interfere with diagnosing torsion in the acute scrotum.

[Ureteral implantation in peritoneum. Exceptional complication in renal transplantation].

Because of the extraperitoneal location, generally used for renal grafting, intraperitoneal urine leaks are a rare complication after transplantation. We report a patient on peritoneal dialysis who developed ascites, abdominal pain, anuria and shock suddenly after renal transplantation. The patient was immediately taken back to the operating room.

[Carcinosarcoma of the renal pelvis: report of a case and review of the literature].

Carcinosarcomas arising in the renal pelvis are uncommon neoplasms. All previously reported cases are isolated reports and have shown to carry a poor prognosis. We report a new case of a 59-year-old man, describing the clinical, radiological and histopathological features.

[Giant retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma].

We present a new case of retroperitoneal hemangiopericytoma with the special feature of a big size tumour. Due to this feature and also to the hypervascularitation we proceeded a preoperative arterial embolization that made possible its complete removal. We did a bibliographic review showing the fundamental clinic pathologic and therapeutical basic aspects of this tumours.

[Malignant vesico-prostatic fibrous histiocytoma].

Among the adult bladder sarcomas it's extremely rare as an histological variety the malignant fibrous histiocytoma. We present a case of a 25 years old young male with bladder and prostate both affected, successfully treated with radical surgery and poliquimiotherapy. We also reviewed the bibliography about this neoplasias up to now.

[Technical solution in kidney retransplantation in a patient with femoro-femoral bypass].

Over the last decade kidney transplantation has become a common therapeutic procedure for patients with end-stage renal diseases. Between 1988 and 1998 donors rate per million population has dramatically increased in our environment, thus providing us with more chances to offer kidney transplantation to a larger number of patients. The technico-surgical difficulties that have to be faced however, are increasingly frequent and require a search for new approaches and innovative changes to the usual surgical techniques for our patient's benefit.

[Penile fracture involving cavernous bodies and urethra].

Reports on fracture of the penis are scarce in the spanish urological literature and in most cases injury appear limited to the corpora cavernosa. In this report a case of rupture of both corpora cavernosa and the urethra during sexual intercourse is presented. Early surgical treatment rendered good results.

[Skin lesions of the penis. Prostatic adenocarcinoma metastasis. Report of a case].

Presentation of one case of penis-located multiple skin metastasis from prostate adenocarcinoma after hormonal blockade for 11 years. Revision and update of the topic, corroborating the poor prognosis of these patients.