Case Report: and HIV Co-Diagnosis: How to Understand Medical History?

We report a case of a severe visceral leishmaniasis revealing an HIV-1 infection presenting as an acute primary infection. A young French man living in Paris with history of unprotected sex with a recent male partner and recent travel in Greece was admitted in our Infectious Diseases Department, presenting with acute febrile psychotic disorder, and positive HIV-1 serology with high viral load, very low CD4 T-cells count and a western blot pattern suggesting an acute infection. The psychotic disorder was finally related to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosed on bone marrow aspiration, supposedly secondary to HIV acute primary infection.

Cefepime use: A need for antimicrobial stewardship.

Objectives: Unlike other 3GCs, Cefepime is a cephalosporin that has, in animal model studies, shown a low risk of selecting resistant mutants. It also enables carbapenems to be saved in treatment of Pseudomonasaeruginosa and the CESP group (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia and Providencia, as well as the genus Klebsiellaaerogenes, Morganella and Hafnia), consequently producing cephalosporinase. We aimed to determine whether its prescription in a French teaching hospital met criteria for proper use.

[Predatory journals: A real threat for medical research. 1. Identify these journals and understand how they work].

The "author-pay" model of open access publication, which appeared in 2002, allocates to the author or his institution the costs of processing articles due to the journal after acceptance, for an amount of a few hundred to several thousand euros. New publishers emerged towards the end of the 2000s, which used this model but with purely commercial objectives, offering naive authors and/or wishing to quickly expand their curriculum vitae by publications in "predatory journals". They are characterized by aggressive e-mail solicitations, lack of ethics, lack of details about the publisher and the editorial board, poor peer review, unspecified and low fees for processing articles, a lack of indexing and the promise of rapid publication.

[Predatory journals: A real threat for medical research. 2 Assess their consequences and initiate a response].

The deleterious consequences of "predatory" journals are numerous, whether the researcher submitted his work to them naively or knowingly: work little or not read by the international community in the absence of indexing and disappearance of any digital trace in the absence of archiving. The reputation of researchers but also of universities and research organizations and the credit of science for citizens can be sustainably damaged. These open access journals, with the author who pays as model, represent as many resources unavailable for legitimate journals.

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine maintenance strategy in virologically controlled adults with low HIV-1 DNA: 48 week results from a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

Objectives: Low HIV reservoirs may be associated with viral suppression under a lower number of antiretroviral drugs. We investigated tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine as a maintenance strategy in people living with HIV (PLHIV) with low HIV-DNA.

Methods: TRULIGHT (NCT02302547) was a multicentre, open-label, randomized trial comparing a simplification to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine versus a triple regimen continuation (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine with a third agent, control arm) in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-DNA <2.

Rothia spp. infective endocarditis: A systematic literature review.

Objective: To describe the epidemiological, clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic features and outcomes of Rothia infective endocarditis (RIE) and extracardiac infections (ECRI).

Methods: We performed a systematic literature review of published cases of RIE and ECRI.

Results: After inclusion of a personal case report, 51 cases of RIE and 215 cases of ECRI were reported.

Effect of a prospective audit with intervention and feedback on Clostridioides difficile infection management.

Background Clostridioides difficile infections are associated with morbidity and mortality in several countries. Their increasing incidence and frequent recurrence make them an urgent public health threat. The lack of adherence to international treatment guidelines for Clostridioides difficile infections is a proven mortality risk factor.

[Scientific misconduct: A major threat for medical research].

Scientific misconduct (fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism) and detrimental research practices (selective reporting of data, inappropriate citation practice, ghostwriting) are admitted respectively by 2 % and 33 % of researchers. The consequences of scientific misconduct and detrimental research practices are disastrous, both for the doctors, who are the most affected researchers in view of the number of retracted articles, and for the patients, victims of false information that may have health consequences. In order to fight against the causes (promotion of doctors and allocation of resources to clinical wards and laboratories on purely quantitative research criteria, lack of training in scientific integrity in medical studies, heterogenous quality of reviewing, legal impunity), there are legislative, academic, technological and editorial solutions, but radical and urgent cultural change is needed first.

Assessing the relevance of carbapenem prescriptions by an antibiotic stewardship team.

Objectives: To assess the level and factors of compliance of carbapenem prescriptions with guidelines and to determine the impact of an antibiotic stewardship team in a university hospital.

Patients And Methods: Five-month prospective study in the intensive care, surgery, and medicine units to measure the compliance of carbapenem prescriptions with guidelines from French scientific societies; compliance was assessed by an infectious disease specialist warned by the pharmacy, and the prescribers' compliance with the infectious disease specialist's advice was then assessed.

Results: One hundred and four treatment initiations for 94 patients were included.

Appropriate use of antifungals: impact of an antifungal stewardship program on the clinical outcome of candidaemia in a French University Hospital.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to compare clinical outcomes of patients with candidaemia before and after implementation of an antifungal stewardship program (AFSP).

Methods: This study included all consecutive cases of candidaemia identified from January 2012 to December 2015 in a French University Hospital. Data were collected retrospectively for a period of 2 years before implementation of the AFSP, and prospectively for 2 years after.

High mortality in peritonitis due to Mycobacterium avium complex: retrospective study and systematic literature review.

Background: Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection is often disseminated and mainly involves lymph nodes, spleen, liver or bone marrow. Peritonitis due to MAC infection (PMAC) is a very uncommon manifestation.

Methods: In this report, after describing the case of the only PMAC infection in our 10-year retrospective study, which occurred in an AIDS patient who was non-adherent to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), we performed a systematic literature review of documented bacteriological PMAC.

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Unmasking or Worsening AIDS-Related Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Literature Review.

Incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV-infected patients has declined in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era although a growing number of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related PML-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (PML-IRIS) have been published during the same period. Therapeutic management of PML-IRIS is not consensual and mainly relies on corticosteroids. Our main aim was, in addition to provide a thoughtful analysis of published PML-IRIS cases, to assess the benefit of corticosteroids in the management of PML-IRIS, focusing on confirmed cases.

A Pilot Study of Tobacco Screening and Referral for Smoking Cessation Program among HIV-Infected Patients in France.

Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking is high among patients living with HIV, supporting the need for effective targeted interventions.

Materials And Methods: All current smokers at our outpatient HIV clinic were invited to participate in a smoking cessation program.

Results: Of the 716 patients living with HIV, 280 (39%) reported active smoking and were younger, more recently HIV infected and more frequently infected due to intravenous drug use (IDU).

Bacterial epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance profiles of urinary specimens of the elderly.

Objective: Although urinary tract infections are the second leading cause of infections among patients aged above 65 years, data on bacterial epidemiology of urinary specimens in these patients is scarce. Our aim was to describe the main bacterial species found at significant levels in urine specimens of the elderly and to determine their antimicrobial resistance profiles.

Methods: From October 2012 to October 2015, all urinary specimens (catheter-related or not) received at the laboratory of microbiology of the university hospital of Caen (France) were retrospectively studied.

Hajj-associated infections.

Background: The Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering event in the world, thus favoring the transmission of various infections: 183 different nationalities, high temperatures, coincidence with the start of the flu season in the Northern hemisphere, a long barefoot walk, tent-type accommodation, communal toilet facilities, absence of food control, and sharing of razors. Infections are the first cause of hospital admission, which often occurs in the home country of pilgrims.

Methods: Literature review on PubMed from 1952 to November 2015 on the epidemiology and prevention of infections contracted during the Hajj, using the keywords "Hajj" and "infections".

Neurotoxocariasis: a systematic literature review.

Purpose: Toxocariasis is a widespread zoonosis, which may result in central nervous system injury.

Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review in MEDLINE, SciELO, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar up to April 2015 using a combination of the following search terms: "neurotoxocariasis" or "neurotoxocarosis", "toxocariasis" or "toxocarosis" and "cerebral" or "neurologic".

Results: One hundred cases of neurotoxocariasis were identified in literature.

Study on daptomycin use and implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program.

Background: Treatment of Gram-positive pathogens remains a major health issue due to the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Daptomycin offers an alternative after therapeutic failure using glycopeptides. Yet its use requires strict control given its financial impact and environmental risks.

Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia: case report and literature review.

Non-O1, non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) are increasingly frequently observed ubiquitous microorganisms occasionally responsible for intestinal and extra-intestinal infections. Most cases involve self-limiting gastroenteritis or ear and wound infections in immunocompetent patients. Bacteraemia, which have been described in patients with predisposing factors, are rare and poorly known, both on the clinical and therapeutic aspects.

Non-carbapenem therapy of urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Purpose: We determined the prevalence of ESBL Enterobacteriaceae in urinary tract infections among inpatients, identified risk factors of acquisition, and evaluated the effectiveness of alternatives to carbapenems.

Methods: The clinical, microbiological, and therapeutic data as well as the outcomes were recorded for all ESBL-E positive urine samples for three months.

Results: Thirty-one (4%) of the 762 Enterobacteriaceae positive cultures were ESBL producers.

Incidence of herpes zoster in HIV-infected adults in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: results from the FHDH-ANRS CO4 cohort.

Background: Recent studies have shown a decrease in the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients since the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era, but more data are needed on a possible increase in the risk early after cART initiation.

Methods: We studied HZ incidence and risk factors among patients followed in the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH) between 1992 and 2011. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were used for comparison with the general population between 2005 and 2008.

Antimicrobial stewardship and linezolid.

Background: Since 2002, linezolid, the first representative of the oxazolidinone class, has been widely prescribed, sometimes outside of approved indications. However, several cases of clinical outbreaks due to linezolid-resistant organisms have been reported, and its relatively high cost represents an economic challenge for hospital settings.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of different actions conducted by an antimicrobial stewardship team (AST) to control over-prescription of linezolid with regard to the defined daily dose (DDD) per 1,000 inhabitants per day.

Draft Genome Sequence of Campylobacter coli Strain IPSID-1 Isolated from a Patient with Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease.

The genome sequence and annotation of Campylobacter coli strain IPSID-1 are reported here. This bacterial isolate is the first to be cultured from a patient with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID). The draft genome sequence is 1.