The Roles of MicroRNAs in Asthma and Emerging Insights into the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation.

Asthma is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide, characterized by variable airflow limitation secondary to airway narrowing, airway wall thickening, and increased mucus resulting from chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Current epidemiological studies reported that hypovitaminosis D is frequent in patients with asthma and is associated with worsening the disease and that supplementation with vitamin D improves asthma symptoms. However, despite several advances in the field, the molecular mechanisms of asthma have yet to be comprehensively understood.

On-Demand ICS + FABA Combinations in 6-11-Year-Old Children.

In recent years, some new concepts have been added to asthma treatment such as "anti-inflammatory reliever" (β2-agonist use associated to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) as a reliever treatment) that combines the benefits of both therapies and provides short- and long-term benefits for treatment in asthma patients. Robust evidence has been presented in patients over 12 years, and the main changes in the international guidelines for asthma treatment were originally made in this age group. However, a few suggestions have been added to treatments in younger patients, in part because of the scarce evidence that exists in this group.

[Absceso cerebral como manifestación inicial de Deficiencia especifica de anticuerpos].

Background: Specific antibody deficiency (SAD) is an inborn error of immunity, in patients older than 2 years, characterized by normal immunoglobulin levels and IgG subclasses, but with recurrent infections and decreased antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens.

Case Report: A 10-year-old female, previously healthy, with no significant family history. She is known in this institution for symptoms of headache, vomiting and paresis.

Early Prediction of Asthma.

The clinical manifestations of asthma in children are highly variable, are associated with different molecular and cellular mechanisms, and are characterized by common symptoms that may diversify in frequency and intensity throughout life. It is a disease that generally begins in the first five years of life, and it is essential to promptly identify patients at high risk of developing asthma by using different prediction models. The aim of this review regarding the early prediction of asthma is to summarize predictive factors for the course of asthma, including lung function, allergic comorbidity, and relevant data from the patient's medical history, among other factors.

A dysregulated bile acids pool is associated with metabolic syndrome and gut microbial dysbiosis in early adolescence.

Objective: The increased prevalence of childhood metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a public health issue. It has been shown that a dysregulated bile acid (BA) profile could be involved in the development of MetS, in which the gut microbiota could have a significant role in BA levels. This study aimed to evaluate differences in serum BA levels in children with and without MetS and whether these levels were associated with gut microbial composition.

Aeroallergen immunotherapy associated with reduced risk of severe COVID-19 in 1095 allergic patients.

Introduction: Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) brings along changes in the immune system, restoring dendritic cell function, reducing T2 inflammation and augmenting the regulatory cell activation. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, interferes with the immune system causing immune suppression during the first phase and over-activation in more advanced disease. We decided to explore the interaction of both in a real-world observational trial.

Whole Blood Expression Levels of Long Noncoding RNAs: HOTAIRM1, GAS5, MZF1-AS1, and OIP5-AS1 as Biomarkers in Adolescents with Obesity-Related Asthma.

Asthma is a heterogeneous entity encompassing distinct endotypes and varying phenotypes, characterized by common clinical manifestations, such as shortness of breath, wheezing, and variable airflow obstruction. Two major asthma endotypes based on molecular patterns are described: type 2 endotype (allergic-asthma) and T2 low endotype (obesity-related asthma). Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts of more than 200 nucleotides in length, currently involved in many diverse biological functions, such as chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, protein transport, and microRNA processing.

[Guidelines on atopic dermatitis for Mexico (GUIDAMEX): using the ADAPTE methodology].

With the advancement of knowledge in relation to the physiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD), several new therapeutic forms have been developed. There are also new guidelines for self-care. On the other hand, there is still an underdiagnosis of AD in Mexico.

Promoter methylation status of , and in peripheral blood leukocytes in adolescents with obesity-related asthma.

A higher Th17-immune response characterises obesity and obesity-related asthma phenotype. Nevertheless, obesity-related asthma has a more significant Th17-immune response than obesity alone. Retinoid-related orphan receptor C (RORC) is the essential transcription factor for Th17 polarisation.

Have the prevalence of eczema symptoms increased in the Mexican pediatric population? Prevalence and associated factors according to Global Asthma Network Phase I.

Background: In children, atopic dermatitis or eczema is the most common inflammatory disease of the skin. According to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase IIIB in Mexico, 5.8% of children and 4.

Immunostimulants for preventing respiratory tract infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Childhood acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, so, immunostimulants have been used as a preventative measure. Despite this, there is no updated evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of immunostimulant drugs for this purpose. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness and safety of immunostimulants in preventing ARTIs in children based on the most recent scientific evidence.

Anaphylaxis to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in the Setting of a Nationwide Passive Epidemiological Surveillance Program.

Background: Information on anaphylaxis among recipients of vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains scarce.

Objective: To identify the observed incidence of anaphylaxis in recipients of different anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

Methods: A nationwide observational study among recipients of 61,414,803 doses of seven different anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, describing the incidence and characteristics of adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) who developed anaphylaxis as an adverse event following immunization (AEFI) against SARS-CoV-2 vaccines between December 24, 2020, and October 15, 2021, in Mexico.

[Anaphylaxis caused by vaccines].

Even though the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represents a historical challenge, science has had an exponential development, and the current vaccination campaigns are proof of this. Unfortunately, along came misinformation and myths regarding their production and their adverse effects. For this reason, we have considered of utter importance to review anaphylaxis, one of the most feared vaccine adverse events.

An independent in-depth analysis proposing adjusted Global Initiative on Asthma Step 1-2 treatment suggestions.

The Global Initiative on Asthma (GINA) strategy included major changes for the treatment of mild asthma in the 2020 version that are even taken to the next level in 2021, leaving a preferred track with only rescue therapy with inhaled corticosteroid and formoterol (ICS-FORM) for steps 1-2 in 12+ years old. It has been questioned how solid the evidence behind these recommendations is. We decided to independently conduct an in-depth analysis of published evidence based on a comprehensive evaluation of original articles and related appendices and publications, including quality of evidence and risk of bias per article.

Effect of Gut Microbial Enterotypes on the Association between Habitual Dietary Fiber Intake and Insulin Resistance Markers in Mexican Children and Adults.

Dietary fiber (DF) is a major substrate for the gut microbiota that contributes to metabolic health. Recent studies have shown that diet-metabolic phenotype effect might be related to individual gut microbial profiles or enterotypes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine whether microbial enterotypes modify the association between DF intake and metabolic traits.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in Mexican school children: Global Asthma Network Phase I.

Background: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) showed a wide variability in prevalence and severity of allergic rhinitis (AR) and rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC), in addition to other atopic diseases (Asher et al, 2006). The Global Asthma Network (GAN) has continued to study these conditions.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of AR and ARC in children and adolescents in Mexico and to assess their association with different risk factors.

A higher bacterial inward BCAA transport driven by Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is associated with lower serum levels of BCAA in early adolescents.

Background: Elevations of circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are observed in humans with obesity and metabolic comorbidities, such as insulin resistance. Although it has been described that microbial metabolism contributes to the circulating pool of these amino acids, studies are still scarce, particularly in pediatric populations. Thus, we aimed to explore whether in early adolescents, gut microbiome was associated to circulating BCAA and in this way to insulin resistance.

[MIA 2021, Comprehensive Asthma Management. Guidelines for Mexico].

Background: Asthma continues to be one of the most frequent chronic respiratory diseases in our country. New methods for diagnosis and treatment have been described; accordingly, the international guidelines were renewed.

Objective: To create a national platform for the development of updated guidelines, solidly based on evidence: Comprehensive Asthma Management (Spanish acronym: MIA).

Coronavirus disease 2019, allergic diseases, and allergen immunotherapy: Possible favorable mechanisms of interaction.

Both, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and SARS-COV-2 infection cause a set of immunologic changes that respectively vary during the course of the treatment or the disease. To review immune changes brought along by each of these entities and how they might interrelate. We start presenting a brief review of the structure of the new coronavirus and how it alters the functioning of the human immune system.

Retinol-binding protein 4 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 as potential prognostic biomarkers of non-allergic asthma caused by obesity in adolescents.

Background: Non-allergic asthma caused by obesity is a complication of the low-grade chronic inflammation inherent in obesity. Consequently, the serum concentrations of adipokines such as retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) increase. No gold standard molecule for the prediction of non-allergic asthma among obese patients has been identified.

Associations of TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood leukocytes with obesity-related asthma in adolescents.

Obesity is associated with a unique non-T2 asthma phenotype, characterised by a Th17 immune response. Retinoid-related orphan receptor C (RORC) is the master transcription factor for Th17 polarisation. We investigated the association of TNFA, IL17A, and RORC mRNA expression levels with the non-T2 phenotype.