Non-pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children.

Background: Healthy sleep is an important component of childhood development. Changes in sleep architecture, including sleep stage composition, quantity, and quality from infancy to adolescence are a reflection of neurologic maturation. Hospital admission for acute illness introduces modifiable risk factors for sleep disruption that may negatively affect active brain development during a period of illness and recovery.

Melatonin Use in Hospitalized Children for Non-Anesthetic Indications: A Systematic Review.

Melatonin, a potent free radical scavenger, plays an important role in homeostasis of cell and organ physiology. The increased demand and synthesis from the pineal gland during times of oxidative stress suggests a potential benefit of melatonin supplementation during hospitalization for acute illness. Yet, the paucity of clinical studies for non-anesthetic-associated indications in pediatric populations hampers the safe, effective, and consistent use of melatonin.

Implementation strategies to reduce surgical site infections: A systematic review.

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) portend high patient morbidity and mortality. Although evidence-based clinical interventions can reduce SSIs, they are not reliably delivered in practice, and data are limited on the best approach to improve adherence.

Objective: To summarize implementation strategies aimed at improving adherence to evidence-based interventions that reduce SSIs.

The Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative Consensus Conference Methodology.

Objectives: This article describes the methodology used for Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative Consensus Conference.

Design: Consensus conference of international experts in pediatric critical care and transfusion medicine, following standards set by the Institute of Medicine, using the Research and Development/UCLA Appropriateness Method, modeled after the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference. Topics related to RBC transfusion in children with or at risk for critical illness were divided into nine subgroups with a systematic review of the literature.

Risks, Benefits, and Recommendations for Pastoral Care on Inpatient Psychiatric Units: A Systematic Review.

Objective: A systematic review was conducted of the biomedical literature regarding pastoral care (PaC) providers on inpatient psychiatric units with the aim of answering 3 questions: (1) What are the risks and benefits of PaC providers' presence on inpatient psychiatric units? (2) What are current recommendations for integration of PaC providers into a psychiatric team? and (3) What gaps exist in the literature?

Methods: PubMed, PsycInfo, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus were searched from the start of each database to July 9, 2014 using terms related to PaC providers and inpatient psychiatry. Two independent reviewers performed full-text reviews of each article identified by independent review of all titles/abstracts from the electronic search and by a hand search of articles included in reference lists. Inclusion criteria were: English-language article, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and focus on a PaC provider working in a psychiatric hospital setting.

The Decade in Clinical Thyroid Disease: An Analysis of Published Literature.

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the current status of the clinical thyroidology literature using bibliographic analysis.

Methods: The subject "clinical thyroidology" was divided into six broad topics: iodine deficiency/iodine nutrition, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis, thyroiditis/autoimmune thyroid disease, thyroid nodules/multinodular goiter, and thyroid cancer. Using Scopus, an online bibliographic searching tool, this study sought to examine the trends in the publication of clinical thyroid disease-related research articles over the decade from 2006 through the end of 2015.

Promoting perioperative advance care planning: a systematic review of advance care planning decision aids.

This systematic review identifies possible decision aids that promote perioperative advance care planning (ACP) and synthesizes the available evidence regarding their use. Using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Sociological Abstracts, researchers identified and screened articles for eligibility. Data were abstracted and risk of bias assessed for included articles.

Social Media Use in Psychiatric Graduate Medical Education: Where We Are and the Places We Could Go.

This commentary discusses the use of social media in psychiatric graduate medical education (GME) based on a systematic search of the literature. The authors conclude that research on social media use in psychiatric GME is in its infancy. For the most part, the few articles that have been published on this topic caution against the use of social media in psychiatric training.

Neuromonitoring During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Objective: Neurologic injury remains a significant morbidity and risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Our goal was to systematically review the literature on the use of neuromonitoring methods during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Data Sources: Electronic searches of PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus were conducted in March 2014, using a combination of medical subject heading terms and text words to define concepts of extracorporeal life support, neurologic monitoring techniques, evaluation, and outcomes.

The persistence of clinical questions across shifts on an intensive care unit: an observational pilot study.

How do clinical questions emerge and move toward resolution in the intensive care setting over the course of 24 hours? In a 20-bed surgical intensive care unit in a large, tertiary-care teaching hospital, informationists shadowed clinicians for 2 48-hour periods to record questions, noting when they were asked and whether they were answered. Thirty-eight percent of 112 recorded questions remained unanswered. Some unanswered questions persisted across shifts, and clinicians' information-seeking behaviors changed over time.

Quality and safety in pediatric anesthesia.

Health care quality and value are leading issues in medicine today for patients, health care professionals, and policy makers. Outcome, safety, and service-the components of quality-have been used to define value when placed in the context of cost. Health care organizations and professionals are faced with the challenge of improving quality while reducing health care related costs to improve value.

Teaching empathy to medical students: an updated, systematic review.

Purpose: Some research shows that empathy declines during medical school. The authors conducted an updated, systematic review of the literature on empathy-enhancing educational interventions in undergraduate medical education.

Method: The authors searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science (January 1, 2004 through March 19, 2012) using key words related to undergraduate medical education and empathy.

Transfusion-associated hyperkalemic cardiac arrest in pediatric patients receiving massive transfusion.

Background: Hyperkalemic cardiac arrest is a potential complication of massive transfusion in children. Our objective was to identify risk factors and potential preventive measures by reviewing the literature on transfusion-associated hyperkalemic cardiac arrest (TAHCA) in the pediatric population.

Study Design And Methods: Literature searches were performed in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

Health disparities in endocrine disorders: biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors--an Endocrine Society scientific statement.

Objective: The aim was to provide a scholarly review of the published literature on biological, clinical, and nonclinical contributors to race/ethnic and sex disparities in endocrine disorders and to identify current gaps in knowledge as a focus for future research needs. PARTICIPANTS IN DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC STATEMENT: The Endocrine Society's Scientific Statement Task Force (SSTF) selected the leader of the statement development group (S.H.

Cost-effectiveness of a novel molecular test for cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Context: Determining which patients with thyroid nodules require surgery is limited by cytologically indeterminate findings. A new approach for preoperative molecular classification of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules has a reported sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 75%; however, its cost-effectiveness has yet to be assessed.

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the 5-yr cost-effectiveness of routine use of a molecular test in adult patients with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration biopsy results from a societal perspective.

Food and Drug Administration approval for medications used in the pediatric intensive care unit: a continuing conundrum.

Objectives: Many drugs used in the pediatric intensive care unit are administered "off label," i.e., they have been neither thoroughly tested for efficacy and safety nor approved for use in children.

Clinical review: Prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review.

Context: There has not been a comprehensive compilation of data regarding the epidemiology of all endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States.

Evidence Acquisition: We included 54 disorders with clinical and public health significance. We identified population-based studies that provided U.