Health consequences of pipe versus cigarette smoking.

Objectives: To estimate the risk of dying from all causes and from specified smoking-related diseases in men who were exclusive daily pipe smokers at two consecutive examinations, and in men who switched from smoking cigarettes only to pipe only.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three counties in Norway.

Health consequences of sustained smoking cessation.

Objectives: To estimate the risk of dying from all causes and from specified smoking-related diseases in people who were ex-smokers at two consecutive examinations, compared with never smokers and with people who were ex-smokers at the first examination but who had resumed smoking at the following examination.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three counties in Norway.

Health consequences of reduced daily cigarette consumption.

Objective: To determine the risk of dying from specified smoking-related diseases and from any cause in heavy smoking men and women (> or =15 cigarettes/day), who reduced their daily cigarette consumption by >50%.

Design: A prospective cohort study.

Setting: Three counties in Norway.

Health consequences of smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day.

Objectives: To determine the risk in men and women smoking 1-4 cigarettes per day of dying from specified smoking related diseases and from any cause.

Design: Prospective study.

Setting: Oslo city and three counties in Norway.

Olaf Scheel and Johannes Heimbeck: their contribution to understanding the pathogenesis and prevention of tuberculosis.

From 1924 onwards, mandatory tuberculin testing (von Pirquet's method) was introduced for student nurses on entry to the Ullevaal Hospital School of Nursing, Oslo. The chief physician of the hospital's Department IX, Olaf Scheel, was responsible for this measure. In 1927, his deputy Johannes Heimbeck showed that about half of the students were not infected at the time of entry, a conclusion that was in fundamental conflict with the prevailing view that nearly all tuberculous infection occurred in childhood.

[Olaf Scheel and Johannes Heimbeck and their work with the BCG vaccine].

From 1924 and onwards, obligatory tuberculin test (Pirquet's method) was introduced at the time when student nurses commenced their training at Ullevål Hospital's school of nursing. Chief physician of the hospital's department IX, Olaf Scheel, was responsible for this measure. In 1927, his deputy, Johannes Heimbeck, showed that about half of the students were not infected at the time of school entrance.

A comparison of a non-ionic dimer, iodixanol with a non-ionic monomer, iohexol in low dose intravenous urography.

A prospective, double-blind study of 392 patients randomized into four groups was performed to establish whether diagnostic intravenous urograms could be obtained with a lower dose of iodine when using the dimeric, non-ionic contrast medium iodixanol compared with the monomeric, non-ionic iohexol. Patients received iodixanol or iohexol containing either 9 or 12 g of iodine (gI). The primary parameter was the diagnostic quality of the 6 min film, assessed in a blinded fashion, by consensus, by four radiologists.

Diagnostic quality in hysterosalpingography. Comparison between iodixanol and iotrolan.

Purpose: To compare the diagnostic quality and adverse events of the water-soluble, non-ionic, iso-osmolar, dimeric contrast media iodixanol and iotrolan in hysterosalpingography (HSG).

Material And Methods: One hundred and twenty patients participated in a double-blind randomized parallel-group phase-III study. Questionnaires and patient interviews were used.

Ex-smokers and risk of hip fracture.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the reversibility of the effect of smoking on hip fracture incidence rates.

Methods: A 3-year follow-up cohort study was conducted involving 35,767 adults 50 years of age or older. Of these individuals, 421 suffered a hip fracture.

[Cardiovascular risk factors in Oslo, Sogn and Fjordane and Finnmark. Study of 40-year old subjects in Oslo 1981-88].

Cardiovascular risk factor levels among 40-year olds in Oslo were studied from the early 1970s until the late 1980s. Comparison has been made with similar data for the same period from two other regions in the country. The serum cholesterol level in men decreased from 6.

Iopentol (Imagopaque 300 and 350) compared with iohexol (Omnipaque 300 and 350) in cerebral and aortic arch angiography. A clinical trial assessing adverse events and diagnostic information.

The safety of the non-ionic contrast medium iopentol (Imagopaque, Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway) when used in cerebral angiography and aortic arch angiography, was the focus of this investigation. Overall quality of visualization and changes in heart rate and blood pressure were, however, also assessed. In total, 39 patients were injected with iopentol and 41 patients with the comparative contrast medium, iohexol (Omnipaque, Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway).

Iopentol (Imagopaque 250) compared with diatrizoate (Urografin 219) in endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP). A clinical trial assessing safety (adverse events and S-pancreatic iso-amylase) and diagnostic information (VAS).

The efficacy and safety of the non-ionic contrast medium iopentol, 250 mg I/ml (Imagopaque, Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway) were evaluated and compared to those of the ionic contrast medium diatrizoate 219 mg I/ml (Urografin, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany). The trial was carried out as a randomized, double-blind comparative two-group study. One hundred and sixteen patients completed the study: 59 received iopentol and 57 received diatrizoate, the contrast medium used according to routine hospital procedure for ERCP.

Renal CT after intravenous injection of nonionic dimeric or nonionic monomeric contrast media in healthy volunteers.

Purpose: To establish and compare time-density curves of the aorta, vena cava and renal cortex, medulla and pelvis after injection of the nonionic dimer iodixanol or the nonionic monomer iopromide contrast media.

Material And Methods: In 36 healthy volunteers CT at the renal hilus was performed at regular intervals before and until 30 min after injection of 13.5 g I iodixanol or 15.

[Tuberculosis trends in Norway--has the decline stopped?].

The aim of the study was to present the trend as regards tuberculosis in Norway since 1950, on the basis of data on incidence and mortality in the total population and infection rate among pupils leaving primary school. The decline in incidence continued until the late 1980s. While the decline was 11% per year during the period 1950-74, it has been slower in recent years.

Prevalence of known and previously unknown diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in an adult Norwegian population. Indications of an increasing diabetes prevalence. The Nord-Trøndelag Diabetes Study.

Objective: To establish the prevalence of known and undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in a representative Norwegian adult population according to the 1980 World Health Organization Expert Committee diagnostic criteria.

Design: Screening survey applying questionnaire and non-fasting blood glucose followed by a fasting and an oral glucose tolerance test.

Setting: The county of Nord-Trøndelag, Norway, 1984-86.

Interaction between current smoking, leanness, and physical inactivity in the prediction of hip fracture.

To study the association between smoking habits and the incidence of hip fracture, adjusted for leanness and physical inactivity, a cohort study with 3 years follow-up was conducted. Subjects were 34,856 adults aged 50 years or older who attended a health screening in Nord-Trøndelag County in Norway in 1984-1986 (91% of eligible subjects in 1986, n = 38,356). Of these, 421 suffered a hip fracture during the years 1986-1989.

Iodixanol in intravenous urography: a comparison of iodixanol 270 mgI/ml, iodixanol 320 mgI/ml and iopamidol 300 mgI/ml (NIOPAM).

The first European trial of iodixanol (Nycomed Imaging AS) in adult intravenous urography is reported. Iodixanol is a new non-ionic, dimeric contrast medium of low osmolality. A double-blind, randomized, three group parallel study comparing iodixanol 270 mgI/ml, iodixanol 320 mgI/ml and iopamidol 300 mgI/ml (Niopam) was undertaken.

Mortality in relation to smoking history: 13 years' follow-up of 68,000 Norwegian men and women 35-49 years.

A total of 44,290 men and 24,535 women aged 35-49 have been followed with respect to different causes of death during 13.3 years on average. A detailed history of smoking, together with other important risk factors, were recorded in a standardized way.