[Intravenous drug users in Iceland: Use of emergency departments, hospital admissions and mortality].

Introduction: Drug abuse is a significant contributor to premature disease and mortality. Drug users are less likely to attend traditional Primary Health Care and more likely to present to Emergency Departments with their problems. Drug users often present late for treatment and find difficult ot engage and follow through treatment in standard models of health services.

[Loperamide abuse - constipation or heart attack?].

Loperamide is a μ-opioid receptor agonist with antidiarrhoeal effects. It is considered to have a low abuse potential because of substantial first-pass metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the level of the blood-brain barrier. Previous case reports have described that high dosage of loperamide can induce an opioid-like effect on the central nervous system.

Methylphenidate disintegration from oral formulations for intravenous use by experienced substance users.

Background And Aims: Methylphenidate (MPH) is a prescription stimulant used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. MPH is currently the preferred substance among most intravenous (i.v.

Intravenous Use of Prescription Psychostimulants; A Comparison of the Pattern and Subjective Experience between Different Methylphenidate Preparations, Amphetamine and Cocaine.

Background/aims: Methylphenidate (MPH) has been the most commonly used intravenous (i.v.) substance in Iceland in recent years.

Prevalent intravenous abuse of methylphenidate among treatment-seeking patients with substance abuse disorders: a descriptive population-based study.

Objectives: Prescription rates of methylphenidate (MPH) are sharply rising in most Western countries. Although it has been reported that MPH has abuse potential, little is known about the prevalence of intravenous (IV) abuse of MPH. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of IV MPH abuse among treatment-seeking IV substance abusers in Iceland.

Behavioral/Emotional Problems of Preschoolers: Caregiver/Teacher Reports From 15 Societies.

This study tested societal effects on caregiver/teacher ratings of behavioral/emotional problems for 10,521 preschoolers from 15 societies. Many societies had problem scale scores within a relatively narrow range, despite differences in language, culture, and other characteristics. The small age and gender effects were quite similar across societies.

International comparisons of behavioral and emotional problems in preschool children: parents' reports from 24 societies.

International comparisons were conducted of preschool children's behavioral and emotional problems as reported on the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½-5 by parents in 24 societies (N = 19,850). Item ratings were aggregated into scores on syndromes; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-oriented scales; a Stress Problems scale; and Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problems scales. Effect sizes for scale score differences among the 24 societies ranged from small to medium (3-12%).

Preschool psychopathology reported by parents in 23 societies: testing the seven-syndrome model of the child behavior checklist for ages 1.5-5.

Objective: To test the fit of a seven-syndrome model to ratings of preschoolers' problems by parents in very diverse societies.

Method: Parents of 19,106 children 18 to 71 months of age from 23 societies in Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and South America completed the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL/1.

Methazolamide 1% in cyclodextrin solution lowers IOP in human ocular hypertension.

Purpose: To formulate aqueous eye drops containing methazolamide 1% in cyclodextrin solution and to evaluate their effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) in a double-blind randomized trial in humans. Methazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI), has been used in oral doses in the treatment of glaucoma but hitherto has not been successfully formulated in eye drops. In this study the effects of methazolamide are compared with those of dorzolamide (Trusopt).

[Age and sex specific prevalence of lens opacifications in Iceland.].

Objectives: Cataract is one of the most common causes for blindness in the world, though not in Iceland due to availability of cataract surgery. The aim of this study was to establish the age and sex specific prevalence of lens opacification and its severity in Iceland.

Material And Methods: One thousand seven hundred citizens of Reykjavik 50 years and older were randomly selected from the national population census and offered to participate in an extensive eye study.

Tumours in Iceland. 10. Malignant tumours of the female breast. A histological classification, laterality, survival and epidemiological considerations.

The Icelandic Cancer Registry has records of 1,720 cases of malignant tumours of the female breast diagnosed in 1,659 patients in the 30-year period 1955-1984. Of these, 1,658 tumours were invasive. Sufficient histological material existed for 1,666 malignant tumours to make it possible to classify them according to the criteria published by the WHO.

Familial breast cancer in Iceland.

Women who have relatives known to have had breast cancer are at an increased risk of getting the disease compared with the general population. On the basis of an extensive collection of family trees of women with breast cancer, the magnitude of this increase in risk is computed. Previously published results on other breast cancer risk factors are drawn upon and it has been possible to take account of some of these e.