Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Refractory Graves Orbitopathy From Real-World Clinical Practice: An Observational Study.

Context: The efficacy of tocilizumab (TCZ) in treating Graves orbitopathy (GO) remains uncertain due to the small sample sizes of earlier studies, and there is a lack of research on the drug for juvenile GO.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of TCZ in treating GO that is resistant to conventional therapy.

Design: This observational study at a tertiary care center included 79 Chinese GO patients, 15 of whom were pediatric patients, with 52 of these patients having moderate to severe active GO (all adult patients having steroid-resistant GO).

Distinguishing risk factors between congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia using multivariable logistic regression.

Background: Etiologies of congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia are unclear and commonly thought to be homogenous. To test if risk factors are similar for these two diseases, we compared the risk factors between congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia in a large Chinese cohort.

Methods: A total of 347 patients with congenital microphthalmia or anophthalmia diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound from 2011 to 2018 were enrolled.