Light-Induced Difunctionalization of Alkenes with Polyhaloalkanes and Quinoxalin-2(1)-ones.

Herein, we report a metal-free light-induced three-component reaction for the synthesis of polychloroalkyl-substituted quinoxalin-2(1)-ones using commercially available alkenes, polyhalo alkanes, and quinoxalin-2(1)-ones. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested the generation of radical intermediates via an EDA-complex, single electron transfer, or halogen atom transfer pathway. Under mild reaction conditions, various alkenes and quinoxalin-2(1)-ones containing different functional groups are compatible, providing the corresponding polychloroalkyl-substituted quinoxalin-2(1)-ones in moderate to good yields.

Effect of a behavior change and hardware intervention on safe child feces management practices in rural Odisha, India: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

Background: Poor child feces management contributes to enteropathogen exposure and, consequently, is associated with diarrheal disease and negative impacts on child growth. Despite high latrine coverage, only 37% of Indian households safely dispose of their child's feces into a latrine or have the child use the latrine, with the lowest rate in the state of Odisha at 12%. We evaluated a behavior change and hardware intervention designed to improve caregiver safe disposal of child feces and child latrine use.

α-C(sp)-H (Hetero)Arylation of Thioethers Enabled by Photoexcited Triplet Ketone Catalysis.

We report herein α-C(sp)-H (hetero)arylation of thioethers enabled by dual nickel and photoexcited triplet ketone catalysis. The mild reaction conditions of this protocol tolerate a variety of functional groups and further facilitate the late-stage functionalization of biologically relevant molecules to afford corresponding products in moderate to good yields. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that the generation of the α-thioalkyl radical takes place through a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) event, which is involved in the rate-limiting step and in the nickel cycle, the reaction of the α-thioalkyl radical with Ni(0)L catalyst followed by oxidative addition of aryl bromide is the dominating pathway.

Redox-Neutral Decarboxylative Cross-Coupling of Oxamates with Aryl Bromides.

Dual nickel-photoredox-enabled direct synthesis of amides through cross-coupling of cesium oxamates with aryl bromides has been developed. This methodology's key advantages are mild reaction conditions, utilizing organic dye as a photocatalyst, employing readily available starting chemicals as coupling partners, and late-stage carbamoylation of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. DFT studies suggested that the nickel catalytic cycle proceeds via a radical addition pathway prior to the oxidative insertion.

Synergistic Merger of Ketone, Halogen Atom Transfer (XAT), and Nickel-Mediated C(sp)-C(sp) Cross-Electrophile Coupling Enabled by Light.

In the present manuscript, we have developed a unique catalytic system by merging photoexcited ketone catalysis, halogen atom transfer (XAT), and nickel catalysis to forge C(sp)-C(sp) cross-electrophile coupling products from unactivated iodoalkanes and (hetero)aryl bromides. The synergistic catalytic system works under mild reaction conditions and tolerates a variety of functional groups; moreover, this strategy allows the late-stage modification of medicinally relevant molecules. Preliminary mechanistic studies reveal the role of the α-aminoalkyl radical, which further participates in the XAT process with alkyl iodides to generate the desired alkyl radical, which eventually intercepts with the nickel catalytic cycle to liberate the products in good to excellent yields.

Photoinduced Decarboxylative C3-H Alkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1)-ones.

An efficient, catalyst- and additive-free, visible-light-driven radical C3-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1)-one derivatives has been developed. This reaction utilizes alkyl-NHP-esters as an alkyl radical donor and quinoxalin-2(1)-one derivatives as an alkyl radical acceptor. The operationally simple protocol works under mild reaction conditions and tolerates a variety of functional groups.

Contextual and psychosocial factors influencing caregiver safe disposal of child feces and child latrine training in rural Odisha, India.

Child feces are an important source of fecal exposure in household environments. Typically, one of two behaviors is necessary to mitigate this risk: either caregivers dispose of their children's feces into a latrine or children learn how to use a latrine. Although past studies have examined factors associated with these two behaviors collectively (i.

Study design and rationale for a cluster randomized trial of a safe child feces management intervention in rural Odisha, India.

Background: Poor child feces management (CFM) is believed to be an important source of exposure to enteric pathogens that contribute to a large disease burden in low-income settings. While access to sanitation facilities is improving, national surveys indicate that even households with latrines often do not safely dispose of their child's feces. Working with caregivers in rural Odisha, India, we co-developed an intervention aimed at improving safe disposal of child feces and encouraging child latrine use at an earlier age.

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices and Challenges during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study in Rural Odisha, India.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices emerged as a critical component to controlling and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 131 semistructured phone interviews with households in rural Odisha, India, to understand behavior changes made in WASH practices as a result of the pandemic and challenges that would prevent best practices. Interviews were conducted from May through July 2020 with 73 heads of household, 37 caregivers of children < 5 years old, and 21 members of village water and sanitation committees in villages with community-level piped water and high levels of latrine ownership.

Experience of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural Odisha, India: Knowledge, Preventative Actions, and Impacts on Daily Life.

We conducted 131 semi-structured phone interviews with householders in rural Odisha, India to explore participants' COVID-19 related knowledge, perceptions, and preventative actions, as well as how the pandemic affected their daily life, economic and food security, and the village-level response. Interviews were conducted with 73 heads of household, 37 primary caregivers, and 21 members of village water and sanitation committees from 43 rural villages in Ganjam and Gajapati districts in Odisha state. The study took place between May-July 2020 throughout various lockdown restrictions and at a time when many migrant workers were returning to their villages and cases were rising.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in rural Odisha, India.

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices emerged as a critical component to controlling and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted 131 semi-structured phone interviews with households in rural Odisha, India to understand behavior changes made in WASH practices as a result of the pandemic and challenges that would prevent best practices. Interviews were conducted from May-July 2020 with 73 heads of household, 37 caregivers of children less than five years old, and 21 members of village water and sanitation committees in villages with community-level piped water and high levels of latrine ownership.