Burnout and job satisfaction among physicians working in urologic departments who immigrated to Germany, taking into account the income structure of their country of origin.

Background: Studies are available on physician burnout and job satisfaction (JS) in relation to the specific income structure of the country of residence. However, no studies exist that investigate burnout of immigrated physicians taking into account the income structure of their country of origin (IS-COO) as well as duration of immigration.

Objective: To determine the influence of IS-COO on JS, income satisfaction, and critical burnout thresholds in the domains of emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and reduction in personal accomplishment (RPA) among urologists with a migrant background working at German hospitals.

Job Satisfaction and Intentions to Leave of Foreign-National Urologists Working at German Hospitals: Results of the Cross-Sectional EUTAKD Study.

Background: Studies exist that identify factors associated with higher professional satisfaction among clinicians. However, there are no reliable findings for clinicians with a migration background as to whether there is a correlation between particular dimensions of professional satisfaction and the desire to leave their current specialty or country of employment. For the first time, these data were collected within a questionnaire-based study from urological clinicians with a migration background (UCMBs) working in Germany.

[Burnout Among Physicians Working in Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Care].

Objective: Burnout is considered to be a major risk factor that can contribute secondary disorders due to persistent work related stress. International studies showed that physicians working in psychiatric care are more frequently affected by burnout than physicians working in somatic care. Studies from Germany are lacking.

Physician emigration from Germany: insights from a survey in Saxony, Germany.

Background: Physician migration has been gaining attention worldwide. In Germany, physician migration became a topic of interest in the context of the discussion about a shortage of physicians, for which one contributing factor may be physicians leaving the country. However, there is a lack of literature on "push" factors causing German physicians to leave.

Job satisfaction of foreign-national physicians working in patient care: a cross-sectional study in Saxony, Germany.

Background: Physician migration is gaining attention worldwide. Despite increasing numbers of foreign physicians in Germany, their perceptions on working in Germany remain unexplored. Within a large survey on Saxon physicians, the aim of this study was to elucidate whether foreign-national physicians' job satisfaction differed from German physicians' job satisfaction.

Burnout among young physicians and its association with physicians' wishes to leave: results of a survey in Saxony, Germany.

Background: Concerns about burnout, and its consequences, among German physicians are rising. However, data on burnout among German physicians are scarce. Also, a suspected association between burnout and German physicians' wishes to leave remains to be studied.

[Job Satisfaction Among Young Physicians Working in Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Care - Results of a Survey in Saxony, Germany].

Analysis of job satisfaction and intentions to quit among physicians working in psychiatric/psychosomatic care compared to physicians working in somatic care. Full postal survey of all physicians ≤ 40 years of age registered with the State Chamber of Physicians of Saxony (response rate 40 %, n = 2357). Analysis was restricted to physicians working in patient care (n = 1901).

Feeding of young children during diarrhea: caregivers' intended practices and perceptions.

Childhood diarrhea is an important cause of malnutrition, which can be worsened when caretakers limit nutritional support. We queried 390 caregivers and their children in a peri-urban community in Lima, Peru regarding general perceptions of feeding and feeding practices during diarrhea. Overall, 22.

Medical students' attitudes towards overweight and obesity.

Objective: Studies from the USA have identified medical students as a major source of stigmatizing attitudes towards overweight and obese individuals. As data from Europe is scarce, medical students' attitudes were investigated at the University of Leipzig in Leipzig, Germany.

Design: Cross-sectional survey containing an experimental manipulation consisting of a pair of vignettes depicting an obese and a normal weight 42-year-old woman, respectively.

Use of commercially available oral rehydration solutions in Lima, Peru.

Caregivers' practices concerning oral rehydration of young children during diarrheal illness were investigated in a periurban community of low socioeconomic level in Lima, Peru. Data of 330 caregivers of children aged 6-36 months were analyzed; 72.7% of all caregivers would give commercially available oral rehydration solutions (ORSs).

Excessive alcohol consumption increases risk taking behaviour in travellers to Cusco, Peru.

The risks associated with alcohol intoxication are rarely discussed during pre-travel counselling. However, alcohol immoderation abroad may increase the exposure to health risks. Few studies have addressed alcohol consumption and risk taking behaviour in travellers to South America.

Human CD8(+) T cells clear Cryptosporidium parvum from infected intestinal epithelial cells.

Intracellular protozoans of the genus Cryptosporidium are a major cause of diarrheal illness worldwide, especially in immunocompromised individuals. CD4(+) T cells and interferon-gamma are key factors in the control of cryptosporidiosis in human and murine models. Previous studies led us to hypothesize that CD8(+) T cells contribute to clearance of intestinal epithelial Cryptosporidium infection in humans.

Cryptosporidium infection of human intestinal epithelial cells increases expression of osteoprotegerin: a novel mechanism for evasion of host defenses.

Cryptosporidium parasites are pathogens of human intestinal epithelial cells. To determine which genes are regulated during early infection, human ileal mucosa cultured as explants was infected with C. parvum or C.

Suramin has adjuvant properties and promotes expansion of antigen-specific Th1 and Th2 cells in vivo.

Aluminum hydroxide and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) are the only adjuvants approved for human use. Both are T helper 2 (Th2) adjuvants, however, T helper 1 (Th1) immunity is induced if microbial products such as mycobacteria, CpG's, or bacterial toxins are included in the adjuvant preparation. The usefulness of bacterial toxins, such as Pertussis toxin (PT) or Cholera toxin (CT), as adjuvants for human vaccination is limited by toxic side effects and high immunogenicity.

T cells primed by Leishmania major infection cross-react with alloantigens and alter the course of allograft rejection.

Alloreactive T lymphocytes can be primed through direct presentation of donor MHC:peptide complexes on graft cells and through indirect presentation of donor-derived determinants expressed by recipient APCs. The large numbers of determinants on an allograft and the high frequency of the alloreactive repertoire has further led to speculation that exposure to environmental Ags may prime T cells that cross-react with alloantigens. We sought to develop a model in which to test this hypothesis.

Primed allospecific T cells prevent the effects of costimulatory blockade on prolonged cardiac allograft survival in mice.

Costimulatory blockade can induce long-term allograft survival in naive animals, but may not be as effective in animals with previously primed immune repertoires. We attempted to induce long-term graft survival in B10.D2 recipients of B10.