Faculty development: academic opportunities for emergency medicine faculty on education career tracks.

Medical school faculty members who specialize in the scholarship of teaching have unique requirements for academic advancement in universities with clinician-educator series. While excellence in teaching is the cornerstone of achievement, attention to traditional academic pursuits improves the likelihood of a favorable review by the institution's promotion and tenure committee. The teaching portfolio is an effective means to document performance.

Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in young adolescents.

Objectives: To assess prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms in young adolescents and examine associations between symptoms and sociodemographic and behavioral factors.

Methods: Cross-sectional survey data from 3621 seventh grade students from 16 middle schools were analyzed.

Results: Elevated depressive symptoms were reported by 40% of girls and 30% of boys.

Developing a school functioning index for middle schools.

Despite widespread recognition of schools' role in the healthy development of youth, surprisingly little research has examined the relationships between schools' overall functioning and the health-related behavior of students. School functioning could become an important predictor of students' health-related behavior and may be amenable to intervention. This paper describes the development and testing of the School Functioning Index (SFI) as a first step in investigating this question.

Predicting adolescents' intake of fruits and vegetables.

Objective: To explore potential predictors of adolescents' fruit and vegetable intake by expanding on current theory and drawing from other adolescent research.

Design: This research reports on baseline and interim data from a school-based intervention study. Data were collected through surveys administered to students at the beginning and end of their 7th grade year.

Rapid infusion of sodium valproate in acutely ill children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical safety of sodium valproate and total and unbound valproic acid plasma concentrations after rapid infusion in hospitalized, acutely ill children. Four children (5-15 years) completed the study. Sodium valproate doses (8.

Relative bioavailability of topiramate administered rectally.

Objective: To determine the relative bioavailability and tolerability of a topiramate (TPM) suspension after rectal administration.

Design/method: Seven healthy men and five healthy non-pregnant women were enrolled. A 100 or 200 mg tablet of TPM was given orally and a 200 mg dose was given rectally in a randomized, open-label, crossover study with at least a 2-week washout period between doses.

School functioning and violent behavior among young adolescents: a contextual analysis.

This paper examines associations between overall school functioning and frequency of violent behaviors among young adolescents (ages 10-14). The sample included 16 middle schools participating in an unrelated intervention study (on nutrition) in Minneapolis, Minnesota. A School Functioning Index, developed to characterize schools' overall stability, performance and demographics, was constructed using data from public archives and school administrator surveys.

Variability of total phenytoin serum concentrations within elderly nursing home residents.

Background: Approximately 6% of all elderly nursing home residents receive phenytoin. Phenytoin concentrations are often measured to guide therapy.

Objective: To evaluate the intraresident variability among multiple measurements of total phenytoin serum concentrations in nursing home residents.

Associations between perceived family meal environment and parent intake of fruit, vegetables, and fat.

Objective: To describe the family mealtime environment and assess associations with adult fruit, vegetable, and fat intake.

Design: Telephone survey.

Participants: A convenience sample of 277 adults in the Minneapolis/St.

Epilepsy in the elderly.

The elderly are the most rapidly growing segment of our population, and onset of epilepsy is higher in this age group than in any other. With advancing age, there are changes in drug absorption, disposition, and binding. In addition, within the elderly are subgroups: (1) elderly healthy except for epilepsy (EH) and (2) elderly with multiple medical problems (EMMP).

Is single observer identification of wound infection a reliable endpoint?

The majority of wound studies over the past 20 years have relied on single observer determination of infection presence or absence as a study endpoint. Nevertheless, there are few data on the reliability of those determinations. If single observer determinations are not reliable, the validity of studies using this endpoint should be questioned.

Comparison of antiepileptic drugs tiagabine, lamotrigine, and gabapentin in mouse models of acute, prolonged, and chronic nociception.

Some antiepileptic drugs have been shown to be clinically effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain. This study determined whether the new antiepileptic drug tiagabine, a GABA uptake inhibitor, is efficacious in mice in a broad range of nociceptive tests (hot-plate, formalin, and dynorphin-induced chronic allodynia) and compared tiagabine's potency with two other antiepileptic drugs, gabapentin and lamotrigine. Intraperitoneally administered tiagabine, but not lamotrigine, gabapentin, or i.

Are differences in exposure to a multicomponent school-based intervention associated with varying dietary outcomes in adolescents?

Multicomponent interventions are recommended for health behavior change among adolescents. However, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of multiple intervention components. This article reports outcomes associated with varying levels of exposure to a school-based nutrition intervention.

Cytochrome P450 isozymes 3A4 and 2B6 are involved in the in vitro human metabolism of thiotepa to TEPA.

Purpose: To establish the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes involved in the metabolism of the alkylating agent, thiotepa, to the pharmacologically active metabolite, TEPA.

Methods: In vitro chemical inhibition studies were conducted by incubating thiotepa and pooled human hepatic microsomes in the presence of known inhibitors to CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. Studies were also performed with cloned, expressed CYP3A4, CYP2A6, CYP2E1 and CYP2B6 microsomes, and anti-CYP2B6 monoclonal antibody.

Survey development for assessing correlates of young adolescents' eating.

Objective: To describe the development and psychometric testing of a survey to assess multiple influences on young adolescents' eating behaviors.

Methods: A 204-item survey was piloted with middle-school students. We incorporated a broad view of determinants of eating behavior in an effort to expand the current field of predictors.

Peer-led, school-based nutrition education for young adolescents: feasibility and process evaluation of the TEENS study.

Peer education has become a popular strategy for health promotion interventions with adolescents, but it has not been used widely in school-based nutrition education. This paper describes and reports on the feasibility of the peer leader component of a school-based nutrition intervention for young adolescents designed to increase fruit and vegetable intakes and lower fat foods. About 1,000 seventh-grade students in eight schools received the nutrition intervention.

Perceptions of the family mealtime environment and adolescent mealtime behavior: do adults and adolescents agree?

The family mealtime environment has great potential to affect the eating behaviors of youth in the family. It is difficult to determine the important elements of a healthy mealtime environment because a valid assessment of the family environment is so difficult to obtain.The objective of this study is to examine the level of agreement between adult and adolescent perceptions of the family mealtime environment and adolescent mealtime behavior.

Human milk-specific mucosal lymphocytes of the gastrointestinal tract display a TH2 cytokine profile.

Background: A number of gastrointestinal disorders, including allergic eosinophilic gastroenteritis and food protein-induced enteropathy, have been associated with milk hypersensitivity. The immunologic reactions appear to involve T cells that are activated by specific food proteins.

Objective: The present study was performed to examine the cytokine profiles of milk-specific lymphocytes from the duodenal lamina propria from children with milk-induced gastrointestinal diseases.

Psychosocial correlates of physical activity and sedentary leisure habits in young adolescents: the Teens Eating for Energy and Nutrition at School study.

Background: Low levels of physical activity (PA) and highly sedentary leisure habits (SLH) in youth may establish behavioral patterns that will predispose youth to increased chronic disease risk in adulthood. The purpose of this paper was to examine associations of demographic and psychosocial factors with self-reported PA and SLH in young adolescents.

Methods: A general linear mixed model predicted self-reported PA and SLH in the spring from demographic and psychosocial variables measured the previous fall in 3798 seventh grade students.

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of famotidine in children with abdominal pain and dyspepsia: global and quantitative assessment.

To determine the benefit of using an H2-receptor antagonist in children with abdominal pain and dyspepsia, 25 such children were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of famotidine. Global and quantitative pain assessments were done before and after each treatment period. The quantitative assessment was calculated based on the abdominal pain score that was the sum of three components.

Inhibition of phenytoin hydroxylation in human liver microsomes by several selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors.

Several case reports have indicated that the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine increases phenytoin blood levels when given concurrently. The mechanism of this drug-drug interaction has been attributed to inhibition of CYP2C9-catalyzed hydroxylation of phenytoin to its major oxidative metabolite in humans, para-hydroxyphenyl phenyl hydantoin (HPPH). With a bank of human liver microsomes (HLM), four SSRIs (fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, sertraline, and paroxetine) were tested for inhibition of HPPH formation.

Relative bioavailability of lamotrigine chewable dispersible tablets administered rectally.

Study Objective: To determine the relative bioavailability of lamotrigine (LTG) chewable dispersible tablets after rectal administration.

Design: Two-period, crossover study with a 2-week washout between dosing periods.

Setting: Clinical research center.