Biomarkers in functional movement disorders: a systematic review.

Functional movement disorders (FMD) are proposed to reflect a specific problem with voluntary control of movement, despite normal intent to move and an intact neural capacity for movement. In many cases, a positive diagnosis of FMD can be established on clinical grounds. However, the diagnosis remains challenging in certain scenarios, and there is a need for predictors of treatment response and long-term prognosis.

Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Still Effective After More Than 8 Years.

Background: Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is well established and the most effective treatment for advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known of the long-term effects.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the long-term effects of STN-DBS in PD and evaluate the effect of reprogramming after more than 8 years of treatment.

[Dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease: an update on new neuroimaging methods and treatment possibilities].

Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) represents a severe adverse effect of long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease with levodopa. Neuroimaging studies have contributed to our understanding of LID and may help to identify patients at risk of developing LID. Amantadine can be used for the treatment of LID, and novel drugs are under development.